Professional Philosophy And Occupational Therapy

Professional Philosophy And Occupational TherapyThe exposition of byplayal therapy as gradually metamorphosis from its propagation till date, yet it has gradually evolved from its first definition in 1914 by George Barton who stated that if there is an occupational disease, why not an occupational therapy. magical spell in 1919, he further postulated that occupational therapy is the science of instructing and encouraging the sick in such labours as leave involve those energies and activities producing a beneficial therapeutic effect. everywhere the years, the definition of occupational therapy had transited and in 1923, Herbert J. Hall define occupational therapy as that which provide light work under medical supervision for the benefit of patients convalescing in hospital and homes, using handicraft not with the aim of making craftsmen of the patients but for the purpose of developing physics and intellectual effectiveness. American occupational therapy Association (AOTA) pro posed the definition that occupational therapy is the art and science of directing mans involvement in selected task to reinstate, reinforce and enhance performance, to facilitate learning of the skills and functions essential for adaptation and productiveness, diminish or correct pathology and to promote and maintain wellness. In 1994 AOTA mmrevised the definition and stated that occupational therapy is the use of goal-directed activeness or interventions to promote health and hand practicable out come to develop, improve or restore the highest possible level of independence with person who is limited by a physical injury or illness.The goal of occupational therapy is to function the individual in achieving an independent, productive and satisfying breeding style. Occupational therapist use adaptive activities to increase the individuals functioning and productivity in view of achieving independence and satisfaction.Occupational therapy is a health discipline concerned with e nabling function and well-being (Baum, 1997)Occupation in Occupational Therapy(Polatakjo 2007, Wilcock 2000), states that the last impact of occupational therapy in multidisciplinary health reverence service must be a profound understanding of enabling occupation (Pollock and McColl 2003) also stresses that the cognition of occupation is employed as a means to enhance the development of health in people. Occupational therapists also aspire to the goal of facilitating occupational combat and performance as the end or outcome of therapy. Occupation is the purposeful or meaningful activities in which human beings engage as part of their habitual daily lives all aspects of daily living that contribute to health and fulfilment for an individual(McColl 2003 p1)Schwammle (1996) encourage occupational therapists to focus on enabling clients achieve a aesthesis of well being via occupation.In contrast, (Wilcock 2006) de-emphasises occupation in favour of tryed concepts that atomic num ber 18 more consistent with a medical model. He also show that medical focus, rather than an occupational focused may have effected in therapists looking at remedying performance components rather than addressing occupation it egotism, but (Molineux, 2004) said it will be highly problematic as it will lead to issues of role blurring, role overlap and role ambiguity.A different dimension to message doctrine of occupational therapy is functional independence or activity of daily living as the ultimate goal of occupational therapy (Thornton and Rennie 1998). Chavalier (1997) concurred that occupational therapists experience difficulty agreeing on what occupational therapy is, and also that the diverse opinion is a strength to the occupational therapy profession.There seems to be an overall conclusion by occupational therapy experts that occupational therapy as a profession should mainly focus and emphasis on occupation as the core centre of the profession.(Baum and Baptiste 2007, La w et al 2002, Wilcock 2000, Asmundsottir and Kaplan 2001) all stress that occupation should be central in occupational practices. Various authors also gave reasons why occupation should be the epicentre of occupational therapyIt will provide an exclusive position that will ensure the maestro survival of OT in health service (Pierce 2001)It will unite OT and ensure its continued survival (Nelson 1996).It will enable OT to achieve its full potential (Crabtree 2000)Occupation-focused practice may result in more satisfying practice for individual occupational therapists (Molineux 2004, Wilding 2008)Occupation focused may assist therapists intervention s to be more meaningful when dealing with complex issues (Persson et al 2001)It makes OT to be a true, self-defining profession.Metamorphosis Of Occupational TherapyRight from the inception of occupational therapy. the concepts of occupation is the foundation upon which the profession is built. The founders of occupational therapy the li kes of George Barton, Fleanor Clarke Slage, Adolph Meyer etc based the new profession on their own personal experiences of the health enhancing effects of skirmish in purposeful and meaningful activities (Peloquin, 1991a), Kielhofner (1992) noted for the early part of twentieth century how occupation is seen to play an essential role in human life and lack of it could result in poor health and dysfunction, occupation is also seen as the link amidst the mind and soul. Occupational therapyThere was a shift of focus to mechanical paradigm in the (1960s). These emphases the ability to perform depend on the integrity of body systems, and functional performance can be restored by improving or compensating for system limitations.KIELHOFNER (1992) saw a growing dissatisfaction among occupational therapist with the mechanistic procession whiled Reilly (1992) called for therapist in the early 1960s to focus on occupational nature of humans and also the ability of the profession to emphasi ze on the occupation need of people contemporary paradigm (1980- present day).(Molineux 2009)Relationship between paid philosophy and occupational therapyA professional philosophy helps set values, beliefs truths and focuses the therapist on the principles that governs his actions. It gives credence to the profession existence and substantiates reasons for practitioners therapeutics processes.In studying the philosophic basis of a profession, it is essential to look at it from its three components as it relates to occupational therapyMetaphysical component. This bothers on what the nature of humankind is. - dynamical being, occupation performance, Reductive approach and Holistic approach.Epistemology component. This relates to the development of a professional philosophy. It analyse the nature, origin and limits of human sockledge.(Adaptation, Thinking, feeling and doing)Axiology component. It concerns with the values of the profession. Quality of life, client catered approach, statute of ethicsMan is an active being whose development is influenced by the use of purposeful activities, using their capacity for intrinsic motivation human beings are able to influence the physical and mental health and their physical milieus through and through purposeful activity. Adaptation is a change in function that promotes survival and self-actualisation, it is also described as the satisfactory enrollment of individual s within their environment over time. . Dysfunction may occur when adaptation is impaired, while purposeful activity enhances the adaptive process.Health care system has been developed from a reductionistic approach where man is viewed as separate body function and each part treated separately and focuses on precise problem for greater efficiency. However, medicine has metamorphosis into addressing all the bodily functions of the client, this is a holistic approach by occupational therapy traced to Adolf Meyer. He sees the human body as a live organi sm acting. The holistic approach emphasises organic and fundamental relationship between the parts and the unanimous being, an interaction of biological, psychological, socio-cultural and spiritual elements. Occupational therapy course of instruction is shifting away from holistic practice to specialised (reductionistic) approach again. For example, occupational therapy practitioners working in hand rehabilitation refers to themselves as hand therapists or those in psychiatry call themselves psychiatric therapists.Critical analysis of model and frame of referenceMODEL AND FORIn advancing the theoretical foundation of occupational therapy, a model is defined as a theoretical simplification of a complex reality (Frolitch, 1993) and consists of several explicitly defined concepts. Conceptual models are courtly or graphic representation of concepts and speculations that act as a guide for theory development.The frame of reference is based on philosophy or a paradigm and attempts to describe or explain what we believe or value. Models are developed within a frame of reference. Hence, FOR are viewpoints, beliefs or values. FOR are connected sets of ideas that form the basis for action. (Duncan, 2006)Reed and Sanderson (1999) states that no perfect or ideal model for health, functioning and disability exists for occupational therapists. Rather, they suggest that occupational therapists should select the aspects from those health models that most closely fit the belief and values of occupational therapy.According to Townsend (2002), Occupational performance is defined as the result of the dynamic relationship between the person, the environment and the occupation. It refers to the ability to choose and satisfactorily perform meaningful occupations that are culturally defined and appropriate for looking after ones self, enjoying life and contributing to the favorable and economic fabric in the community. Occupations are groups of activities and tasks of everyday life.Activities of Daily Living (ADL)The initial process of occupational therapy assessment involves interviews with the patient and the carer to establish previously held life roles and the tasks and activities that were completed within these roles. Observational assessment is undertaken of personal self-care tasks, including showering, dressing, toileting, grooming, and eating, and domestic or instrumental tasks, including meal preparation, shopping, cleaning, laundry, and management of finances and medications. Standardized measures may include the operative Independence Measure (FIM), 6MODELSModel of human occupation (MOHO)The model emphasis that occupational behaviour is a result of the human system, thesubsystem, the habitation subsystem and the environment.MOHO is a behavioural model. He defines occupational performance from a behavioural perspective. The model sees occupational performance as a result of mind-brain-body performance subsystem.Haglund and Kjellberg (1999) arg ue that the MOHO lacks the influence of the environment on human behaviour. Though it includes the environmental factor, he does not explain the interaction and relationship between the person and the environment.Canadian Model of Occupational exploit (CMOP).See in occupational performance terms of dynamic relation between occupation, environment and a person, the key elements of environment are cultural, institutional, physical and social. While the purpose of occupation can be leisure, productivity or self-care. The CMOP presents the person as an integrated whole, incorporates spiritual, affective, cognitive and physical need (Townsend, 2002) The CMOP defines occupational performance as the result of dynamic relationship between the person, the environment and the occupation.OCCUPATIONAL PERFORMANCE MODEL (Australia)In contrast to the ICF where rest is a body function, rest has an activity perspective in the OPM.CORE PROCESS (HAGEDORN 2006)The first extensive presentation of occu pational therapy core competencies was produced by Mosey (1986) she based her domains of concern of the profession as performance components, occupational performances, the life cycle and the environment. While (Neistadt and Crepeau 1998) give a list at entry level to be development of skills, socialization in the expectation related to organisation, peers and the profession, acceptance of responsibility and accountability in relevant active-ties. In 1994,the college of occupational therapist published a position on core skills and conceptual framework for practice. Core skill is defined as the expert knowledge at the hearth of the Professional.The unique core skills of occupational therapy are consider in purposeful activity and meaningful occupation as therapeutic tools to enhance health and wellbeing.Enable people to explore, achieve and maintain balance in their daily living tasks.Evaluate the effects of manipulate, physical and psycho-social environments, maximise function and social integration.Ability to analyse, select and apply occupation to focused therapeutic media to enable dysfunction in daily living tasks and occupational roles.For a therapist to be able to display core professionalism via the above listed core skills. The therapist needs to use four core processes.Therapeutic Use of SelfIn the heart of therapeutic intervention is the ability of the therapist to communicate with the client and establish a therapeutic relationship or alliance. Mosey (1986) described conscience use of self as one of the legitimate tools of practice.ASSESSMENT OF INDIVIDUAL POTENTIAL, tycoon AND NEEDSFor an effective therapeutic intervention, there must be a clear and accurate evaluation of the potential and abilities of the clients in view of the clients needs and goals. This is achieved through the array of tests, checklists and other assessment tools. Assessment may require detailed observation, measurement and repeated testing in relation to ADL which the indiv idual engages.OT is concerned with the whole spectrum of human skills through all ages past, present and future. Possibilities and probabilities need careful evaluation which requires experience and indepth clinical reasoning.ANALYSIS AND ADAPTATION OF OCCUPATIONA fundamental assumption of occupational therapy is that engagement in occupation promotes health and well being. Hence, occupational analysis seeks to break down the tasks into smallest units of which performance is composed. The client skill components can be identified and the therapist can map how this can be built into competence. To achieve this, the therapist must observe, record and analyse elements of performance via work, leisure and self care activities. The therapist also employs analytical methods to determine client interaction between occupational role and social life relationships.ANALYSIS AND ADAPTATION OF environsTherapists acknowledge that the environment has an effect on behaviour. It facilitates interac tion, reduce stress and promote engagement. Hence, adapting to the environment can enhance occupational performance or impede engagement in task. The analysis of the environment should be at an holistic level and not limited to the physical aspects alone, but also socio-cultural aspects, emotional and financier environment. polity OF ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT COT 2010On a daily basis, occupational therapists are confronted with situations that requires finiss. Moral and ethics have the potential to affect the clinicians decision making practice. Ethics are philosophical stands on the rightness or appropriateness of various voluntary actions. The adoption of ethical principles is one characteristic frequently used to distinguish professions from other occupations (Vollmer Mills, 1966).The code of ethics and professional conduct produced by the college of occupational therapists (COT) and NPC are formulated to guide O. T in their professional conduct in terms of competent com bination of knowledge, skills and behaviors.The code of ethics and professional conduct are sub divided into major sectionsService exploiter welfare and autonomy, this includes Duty of care, welfare, mental capacity and informed consent and confidentiality.Service provision Equality, Resourses, the occupational process, risk management and record keeping.Personal professional integrity Personal integrity relationships with service users, professional integrity, fitness to practice, substance misuse, personal profit or gain, and information representation.Professional competence and lifelong learning professional competence, delegation, collaborative working, combining professional development, and occupational therapy practice education.Developing and using the professions evidence base.The code of ethics and professional conduct enacted various laws upon which an occupational therapist base his/her practice, these includeHealth Act 1999 Occupational therapist is protected by law and can only be used by persons who are registered with the health professions council (HPC)O.T personnel must respect the right of all people under the Human Right Act 1998.Mental Capacity Act 2005 code of practice states that A person must be assumed to have capacity unless it is established otherwise.Data protection Act 1998 gives individual the right to know what information is held about them and that personal information is handled properly.Roles of COT and HPC (Code of ethics and professional conduct.COT,2010)

Jeffersonian and Jacksonian Democracy :: American America History

Jeffersonian and Jacksonian res publicaJeffersonian and Jacksonian Democracy are the homogeneous in just about every regard. Their views and goals as presidents are the same. Both are in favor of the ordinary man and olfactory sensation that it is the common people who should have the biggest influence on government, not the wealthy aristocrats. They also support states rights and feel that the federal government should not get winding with the states affairs. Both mens actions clearly show that the common man does not include minorities. Both Jacksons and Jeffersons actions and words are very similar and support the same beliefs. Thomas Jefferson was a good supporter and spokesman for the common man and self-government. He strongly believed that the purpose of American government is to look after and support the common interests of the people. He was against anything that he felt would hurt the common man such as the Bank of the U.S. and big government. Jefferson believed the Bank was hurting the common man and became a damaging monopoly. It would swallow up all the delegated index numbers of the states, and reduce the whole to one power...-Jefferson referring to the Bank. He was strongly against big government and felt it would oppress the common man. I am not a friend of a very energetic government...it places the governors indeed more at their ease, at the expense of the people. Jefferson was also a strong supporter of the handbill of Rights, which protected the rights of the people. A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to... He felt the Bill of Rights would clearly state and protect peoples rights, emancipation of religion, freedom of the press, protection against standing armies, restriction of monopolies, the eternal and unremitting force of the habeas corpus laws, and trial by jury.... It was based on Jeffersons suggestions that Madison proposed a Bill of Rights. Jefferson did everything he could to help the common man. Andrew Jacks on was undoubtedly a man of the people. He was the first president to be chosen by the people and his priming coat was not that of a typical president. He was not born into a rich family. Jacksons favored the general public rather than the wealthy. His election shifted the balance of power from the wealthy East Coast, to farmers and small businesspeople in the west. Jackson vetoed more bills than all previous presidents did in an attempt to help the common man.

Smoking: I Can Stop Whenever I Want :: essays research papers

Smoking I Can Stop Whenever I WantGood afternoon,I can stop whenever I want. Does that sound familiar to you? if it does you atomic number 18probably part of the 80% smokers who are teens. And studies show, that youngsmokers are likely to start doing drugs, selling drugs, and so forth. Youngsmokers start smoking at 12 or 13 just to get a taste of what its like.Some of them find it disgusting and unhealthy and some find it cool usuallybecause their peers introduced it to them. baccy use kills ab out(p) 420,000smokers each year. Recent studies also indicate that about 53,000 non smokersdie each year from second hand smoking. You surprised heh? You shouldnt be,because all of those anti tobacco commercials on Television and on every singlepack of cigarettes isnt there for nothing. Its there to prevent all of youteens to get hooked on cigarettes or even think about starting to smoke.Smoking is legal almost everywhere in the world, but it shouldnt be becauseMarijuana smoking isnt. Cigar ettes are addictive and they usually lead thesmoker to marijuana use or to other kind of drugs. Thats why I think that youngteenagers shouldnt start smoking at young age. All of you people out there whothink that they can stop whenever they want, well I have refresheds flash for you. 1out of 10 smokers succeed in quitting smoking in United-States. Everyone thinksthat they have an iron entrust and they keep on delaying the time to stop, Illjust stop as my new year resolution, Ill stop in a month, a week, a year.Smoking is really hard to quit, its an addictive habit and you really need aniron will to stop it. There are also a few consequences I think I should mentionfrom ciggarette smoking. First of all, as you all know, ciggarette smoking turnsyour odontiasis yellow so you can forget about those perfect teeth with the crestsmile. The second consequence is, smoking costs around 4 $ a day for a normalsmoker which comes up to 2500 $ per year, think what you could do with all that

Erechtheion and Its Caryatids Essay -- Acropolis, Athens, ancient Greec

Located opposite the Parthenon, the Erechtheion is one of the most distinctive buildings rest on the Athenian Acropolis constructed between 421 and 406 BC. The Erechtheion replaced the Old Temple of Acropolis, which was destroyed by the Persians in 480 BC. The asymmetrical building was built of Pentelic marble, with friezes of black Elusinian limestone to take applied clean-living marble relief sculpture. ( Erechtheum (Erechtheion) ) Since the complex temple sits on a slopping site, it has an irregular floor plan which consists of four chambers with multiple functions. It housed a great manikin of ancient cults and many sacred objects, including the venerable image of Athena Polias in the east cella, a golden lamp made by Callimachus, a well containing sea water, which is known as the Erechtheian Sea, and the mark of Poseidons trident, sacred shrines like the altar of Poseidon, and the altars of Boutes and Hephaestus. (Roberts, Erechthum ) To the south-west of the building stood the olive tree, which is a gift of Athena to the city of Athens. The whole mental synthesis also consists of two porches, the north porch at the northwest corner is supported by six tall Ionic columns, stands at a lower train and gives access to the western cella, while below its floor it was believed to be the spot where Zeus killed the legendary King Erechteus with a thunderbolt. (theacropolismuseum.gr) In the south-west corner, there stands a uniquely projecting porch which is the most well-known part of the Erechtheion. It is supported by six massive female statues, and hence named the Porch of the Maidens, with the supporting figures known as caryatids. to a lower place it stood the grave of Kekrops, another legendary King of Athens. (theacropolismuseum.gr) The se... ...ty Press, 2007. Oxford Reference. 2007.3. The Erechtheion. The Acropolis Museum. http//www.theacropolismuseum.gr/en/content/erechtheion/04. Erechtheum. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6Th Edition (2013) 1. Literary Reference Center. Web. 5. Plommer, Hugh. Vitruvius and the Origin of Caryatids. The ledger of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 99 (1979), pp. 97-102. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. 6. Shear, Ione Mylonas. Maidens in Greek Architecture The Origin of the Caryatids . In Bulletin de correspondance hellnique. Volume 123, livraison 1, 1999. pp. 65-85.7. Lesk, Alexandra L. A historic Examination of the Erechtheion and Its Reception, PhD thesis, University of Cincinnati, 2005.8. Edmondson, J. C., and MyiLibrary. Augustus. Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press, 2009. eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 4 May 2014.

Importance of Social Status in Emma and Clueless :: Austen Emma Essays

Importance of Social Status in Emma and Clueless     Emma Woodhouse of the Jane Austen novel Emma, is part of the rich, upscale society of a well off closure in nineteenth century England, while Cher Horowitz the main character of the movie version Clueless, lives in the upscale Beverly Hills of California. The Woodhouse family is actually highly looked upon in Highbury, and Cher and her father atomic number 18 also viewed as the cultural elite. The abuse of power and wealth, arrogance, and a lack of acceptance all prove that the class status of these families plays a signifi brush asidet office staff in the shaping of both the novel and the video.   Emma and Cher both abuse the power of wealth and become spoiled, socially dominating, and overly confident with themselves. However, they both feel very comfortable in this lifestyle because of their possessions and social status. Jane Austen secures Emma in the very first paragraph of her novel. She states, Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition, seemed to unite some of the opera hat blessings of existence and had lived nearly twenty-one years in the world with very little to vex her (Austen 1). Cher has everything a teenager could possibly want her own jeep, an perennial wardrobe, and amounts of money that seems to be collected from a money tree come to the foreside the backdoor.   Emmas arrogance shines through when she brags that she is exceptionally skillful at matching couples. She believes that she is in promise of fate and must play matchmaker in order for couples to discover their true love. Austen confirms, The real evils indeed of Emmas situation were the power of having rather too often her own way, and a disposition to think a little too well of herself (Austen 1). Although Emma is so spoiled and overbearing, she truly doesnt realize this fact.   Likewise, an example of Chers pompousness can be se en in the scene where she and Dionne are explaining to Tai how to become more popular. Cher states that she has already started to elevate her social status due to the fact that you hang out with Dionne and I (Clueless). Cher may be sympathetic to Tai, but she does so with conceitedness because she knows she is from a higher social class.

Plots, Characters, and Relationships in Anna Karenina Essay -- Tolstoy

Plots, Characters, and Relationships in Anna Karenina Reason has been given to man to enable him to escape from his troubles.1 These words, spoken by an unknown woman on a train minutes before Anna took her own life, proved cold comfort for Vronskys mistress. Unable to reason her way out(a) of her despair, she flung her body under a train in an act of vengeance and escape. She failed in her personal quest, one for fulfillment that she shares with the some other main protagonist in the novel, Levin, who makes corresponding attempts to reason through his own dilemmas. Anna Karenina is an epic, through which are interwoven the parallel accounts of the personal struggles of Anna and Levin, developed in tandem. One ends in death and tragedy, the other in spiritual fulfillment. It is a novel of balances not only of plots, but also of characters, and relationships between characters. Tolstoys choice of title immediately sets up expectations in the ref expectations that are destined to be disappointed. Although the reader may anticipate a straightforward tale of a womans descent into adultery, they will find that that element is enwrap by and permeated with the equally dominant tale of a mans quest for harmony and love, and a good deal of extraneous material. Levin serves as a mouthpiece for Tolstoys beliefs, and on occasions his activities take on a pseudo-biographical aspect. At times it seems that Annas involvement in the novel is minimal - with episodes involving her being sparsely distributed - and the reader may closely wonder why the novel is so entitled. Although it is difficult to be certain of Tolstoys motives, this essay will argue that he so named the novel because of the utterly gelid and essential fu... ...nt, independent, and thoughtful character, there is an undertone running throughout he novel that suggests that she has failed to adopt the befitting social role for a woman. Ultimately, she is portrayed as irrational and emotionally labile, d riven by insatiable desires I dont know myself, says Anna as she sinks near to her lowest ebb I only know my appetites, as the French say.15 Bibliography Tolstoy, Leo, Anna Karenin, translated by Edmonds, Rosemary, Penguin, London, 1978. End Notes 1 Tolstoy, Leo, Anna Karenin, translated by Edmonds, Rosemary, Penguin, London, 1978, p. 799.2 Ibid., p. 508.3 Ibid., pp. 588-9.4 Ibid., pp. 796-7.5 Ibid., p. 490.6 Ibid., p. 491.7 Ibid., p. 798.8 Ibid., p. 532. 9 Ibid., p. 672.10 Ibid., p. 800.11 Ibid., p. 853.12 Ibid., p. 832.13 Ibid.14 Ibid., in Introduction.15 Ibid., p. 793

Ackoff Management Misinformation Systems :: essays research papers

Ackoff Management Mis knowledge SystemsAckoff identifies five assumptions commonly made by designers of centering information systems (MIS). With these assumptions, Ackoff argues that these assumptions are in most cases non justified cases, and often lead to major deficiencies in the resulting systems, i.e. Management Misinformation Systems. To overcome these assumptions and the deficiencies which result from them, Ackoff recommends that counselling information system should be imbedded in a management control system.The Ackoff Assumptions are that (1) Due to lack of relevant information, most managers operate under this deficiency With the first assumption and contention, Id have to disagree. jibe to Ackoff, it seems that only certain information is useful, while the other is useless and it overburdens the managers. Therefore, top management usually receives filtered input that subordinates have carefully screened several times. However, top management needs more information an d data, more qualitative input, and less formal analysis than it receives. Sometimes, the useful information might seem useless at atomic number 53 time, may become more key at another time. Therefore, I believe that all information be readily available for the manager to pass on forward in a timely fashion. (2) The manager needs the information he wantsI agree to a certain aspect to this ideology. Without a doubt, without the square-toed information, the manager is useless because they are not able to direct their workers in the right direction. People working for the manager tend to require more information from the top. More important, they need a general and, sometimes, a specific sense of direction and support. Without a proper direction, all people involved leave behind simultaneously feel underutilized, and will try to gather all information, relevant or irrelevant and fill up their work time, without achieving any goals. (3) A manager will improve his decision making, i f he has the information he needs, This is a straight-forward logical agreement with the author. It is obvious that if the information is available, the manager will be able to hazard a check judgment. Without proper information from above, the people working for the manager will be lost. On the other hand, if the manager has the information need to shade the task, then the objective will be solved in a short period of time, with everyone contributing in a positive way.(4) A better communication between managers will improve organizational performanceI agree with the statement above on the basis that communication is the most important thing when it comes to working in unison.