The debate, which has already turned emotional

The national debate on abortion concerns both the legal as well as the moral aspects of the issue. The debate has not only grown provocative but it has also become very divisive as well, effectively polarizing Americans into those who support the practice and those who oppose it.The debate, which has already turned emotional, has devised labels for the two opposing camps. Pro-abortion Americans are referred to as â€Å"anti-life† or â€Å"pro-choice† while those who are against the practice have been called â€Å"pro-life† and â€Å"anti-choice† (Internet Infidels, 2005). In other words, if one goes by these labels, a woman who resorts to abortion is guilty of putting an end to life by exercising her choice. One who is against the practice of abortion, on the other hand, is all for allowing the life of a fetus to continue.It is also the contention of the â€Å"pro-lifers† or the anti-abortion camp that it is the duty of government to prohibit women to end their pregnancy through abortion, thereby illegalizing the practice. Abortion advocates, on the other hand, maintain that women should be given a choice whether to continue or discontinue their pregnancies and that government should not interfere with this choice.Some people also use the terms secularists and atheists to refer to advocates of abortion while most anti-abortion Americans are said to belong to the different Christian denominations in the country. This only goes to show that anti-abortion Americans consider themselves to be God-fearing while viewing those who favor abortion as non-believers (Religious Tolerance.org, 2008).Labels notwithstanding, proponents and opponents of abortion have offered their own arguments in support of their positions. While there are those who argue in favor of abortion for the simple reason that they believe it to be their right to choose whether to bring their pregnancy to fruition or discontinue them for their own personal reasons, m any pro-abortion Americans favor abortion only under specific circumstances.One situation where pro-choice advocates really insist on abortion is when the pregnancy endangers the life of the woman. According to them, in such a situation, it is better to opt for an early abortion and save the life of the pregnant woman than wait for the fetus to fully develop and risk killing the mother or cause her to suffer from permanent disability because of the pregnancy.Another situation is when the pregnancy is the result of rape and incest. They argue that rape and incest are heinous crimes which produce highly traumatized victims.When these crimes result to pregnancy, the victims are consequently tortured since their pregnancy serve as a constant reminder of their harrowing experience. If abortion is not allowed in such cases and the women ultimately give birth, the lives of both the women and their children would be hell.Still another is when prenatal tests show that the fetus is either mal formed that life after birth would only be for a few hours or a few days, or that the child would be so retarded that his or her life would only be one suffering after another. Abortion proponents claim that ending such a pregnancy would be an act of mercy (Religious Tolerance.org, 2008).Opponents of abortion, however, have rejected the arguments put forth by its advocates. First, they argue that ending pregnancies resulting from rape and incest is completely immoral. According to them, abortions in such cases amount to â€Å"killing an innocent child because of the crimes of her father.†They do not subscribe to the belief that doing away with the evidence of the crime (the pregnancy) would ultimately mitigate the situation. Instead, they maintain that while criminals should be punished for their crimes, the innocent should be allowed to live.Second, opponents of abortion take exception to the argument that it is the right of the pregnant woman to decide whether to have an ab ortion or not. According to them, if the pregnant woman believes that she has certain rights, the child that she is carrying also has the right to live (Johansen, 1996).Finally, pro-life advocates maintain that children are God’s gift to man and that their parents are simply their caretakers. Children, therefore, should be allowed to live the life that God had planned for them (D’Silva, 2007).Personally, I believe that abortion is an issue that should be treated on a case to case basis. Although it is generally believed that a fetus is already a form of life, the moment its existence would prove fatal to the mother, abortion should be allowed.My reason is simple: if a pregnancy could kill the mother, then it is better to abort it than risk the life of the mother and possibly that of the child. I am also convinced that even if the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest, such crimes are not enough to punish the innocent by killing the children of rapists and incestuou s fathers. Indeed, children should never be punished for the sins of their fathers.ReferencesD’Silva, R. (2007). Anti-Abortion Arguments – Reasons Against Abortion. Retrieved September 12, 2008 fromhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/antiabortion-arguments-reasons-against-abortion.htmlInternet Infidels. (2005). On The Issue of Abortion. Retrieved September 12, 2008 fromhttp://www.infidels.org/library/modern/debates/secularist/abortion/index.shtmlJohansen, J. (1996). A Summary of Pro-Choice Arguments. Retrieved September 12, 2008 from http://www.pregnantpause.org/abort/choicarg.htmReligious Tolerance.org. (2008). Abortion access: All sides of the issue. Retrieved September12, 2008 from http://www.religioustolerance.org/abortion.htm   

Life And Work Of Louis Kahn Architecture Essay

Louis Kahn was one of the most celebrated personalities of the twentieth century Architecture. The impact that he made with some of his plant was so singular that he was justly compared with Corbusier and Mies Van Der Rohe. Louis Kahn ‘s work made immense impact specifically on the younger coevals who were more willing to seek out the non-traditional manner of planing edifices. Louis Kahn genuinely believed that all designers should boom for alone excellence which would assist them do an ever-lasting impact on the society, as seen by the plants of Greeks and Eygpt. Keeping this end in head, Louis Kahn devoted his full calling in seeking flawlessness and pursing excellence. Louis Kahn ‘s best plants are located in India, US and Bangladesh and by the way they were produced in last two decennaries of his calling. His works represent precise integrating and assembly of construction, a soundless esteem for stuffs and visible radiations, a dedication to classical geometry, and a great trade of concern for human values. Louis Kahn was considered a puzzling mind or more like a philosopher who wanted to convey out alteration in the field of Architecture. Background Born in 1901 in Estonia, Russia, Louis Isadore Kahn is considered to be one of the most influential designers of the 2nd half of the 20th century throughout the universe. Louis Kahn migrated to the U.S. along with his household in his early old ages ( in 1905 ) . After finishing his graduation from the University of Pennsylvania in 1924, Louis Kahn started his calling as a draftsman and subsequently worked as caput interior decorator in several other houses in Philadelphia. He besides worked in the offices of Philadelphia ‘s prima designers, Paul Cret ( 1929-1930 ) and Zantzinger, Borie and Medary ( 1930-1932 ) . In the latter half of 1930 ‘s Louis Kahn served as a private adviser to the Philadelphia and The United States Housing Authority. His cognition in modern architecture expanded when Kahn worked with European emigrants Alfred Kastner and Oskar Stonorov. In the early 1940s Louis Isadore Kahn associated with Stonorov and George Howe, with whom Louis Isadore Kahn desi gned several wartime lodging undertakings. Kahn was non merely an American designer, but was besides an pedagogue and philosopher. Until 1947, Kahn had worked with a series of spouses, after which, Kahn set up his independent/private pattern. It was during this twelvemonth, that Kahn besides began with his influential instruction calling atA Yale University as Chief Critic in Architectural Design and Professor of Architecture ( 1947-1957 ) and so at the University of Pennsylvania as Cret Professor of Architecture ( 1957-1974 ) .Significant ELEMENTS OF DESIGNKahn wanted to redefine the bases of architecture through a re-examination of construction, signifier, infinite, and visible radiation ; since his earlier work abstained from the international manner modernism. Earlier plants of Kahn had a traditional international manner of architecture. However someplace in the center of his calling, Kahn turned his dorsum on this traditional attack and pursued invention by redefining the usage of construction, light, signifier and infinite. â€Å" Louis Kahn described his pursuit for meaningful signifier as a hunt for â€Å" beginnings, † a religious resource from which modern adult male could pull inspiration † . It is widely believed that Louis Kahn, who was so a Resident Architect at the American Academy in Rome, was highly impressed by the amazing architectural efforts of Greeks, Egyptians and the Romans and this triggered the alteration in his attack of planing the edifices. Other experts believe Kahn was besides influenced by the portion of Philadelphia where he grew up. There were many factory edifices with big Windowss. These brick constructions were really solid. This industrial design is evident in several of Kahn ‘s early plants. The impact of this European experience can been seen in Louis Kahn ‘s latter works. The work undertaken by him in last two decennaries of his life demonstrated a sincere desire to make a sense of topographic point, showcased the true side of construction, and demonstrated the successful application of Platonic geometry rules. Louis Kahn must be credited for re-introducing assorted constructs which most of the modern designers had deserted like centralised infinites, utilizing extended geometric rules and showing solid mural strength. Kahn ‘s edifices are admired for outstanding usage of geometric forms and implementing Platonic geometry rules which creates brilliant experience for the users. Louis Kahn is credited in re-defining modern architecture in more than one ways. For e.g. Kahn was known to appreciate the visual aspect and feel of different stuffs that he used in his work. Kahn is besides known to hold used brick and concrete extensively and his advanced use of these stuffs demonstrated his endowment to the universe. Kahn realised the importance of sunshine and was extremely impressed by its use in Egyptians and Greek plants. Hence Kahn ‘s plants demonstrates wide-scale execution of sunshine through different sorts of interesting Windowss and gaps. Egyptian works besides inspired Kahn to utilize extended geometric forms and hence we find many of his edifices taking form of squares, circles or trigons. Louis Kahn ‘s vision on how an designer can do difference to his design can be seen from the maestro ‘s ain words. â€Å" A edifice is like a human, an designer has the chance of making life. The manner the brass knuckss and articulations come together make each manus interesting and beautiful. In a edifice these inside informations should non be put in a mitten and hidden. Space is architectural when the grounds of how it is made is seen and comprehended. †Examples OF PROJECTS WHERE ELEMENTS OF LOUIS KAHN DESIGN WERE IMPLEMENTEDAll these elements of design doctrine can be seen in all the plants of Louis Kahn get downing from his first mature work – the add-on to the Yale University Art Gallery ( New Haven, Connecticut, 1951-1953 ) . This is considered to be Kahn ‘s first architectural chef-d'oeuvre where one can see that much prominence has been give to the structural inventions demonstrated by hollow tetrahedral concrete ceiling and floor slab system , which was a mater-piece, a antic design of puting the mechanical and electrical systems. Kahn ‘s brilliant artistic sense can be seen from the design of the triangle-shaped stairway which sits in a rounded concrete shell, specifying the servant infinite to be distinguished from the served infinites of the edifice. Richards Medical Research Building at the University of Pennsylvania ( 1957-1965 ) and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies ( LaJolla, California, 1959-1965 ) demonstrated brilliant usage of infinites and is the chiefly responsible for the beginning of the phrase ‘served and servant infinites ‘ . Kahn applied his rules to make chef-d'oeuvres, which made a great trade of sense to the use of infinite and visible radiation. His edifices, like the Yale Art Gallery extension ( 1951-53 ) or the Trenton Boathouse in New Jersey ( 1954-59 ) or even the Richards Medical Towers in Philadelphia ( 1957-62 ) , create amazing effects with the alteration in visible radiation, all possible due to the intelligent usage of infinite and visible radiation. As a consequence, the user gets an wholly different experience of working in the edifice during different times of a twenty-four hours. By building Salk Institute in La Jolla, California ( 1959-67 ) , Kahn created another chef-d'oeuvre which had inordinately animating sequence of edifices. Richards Medical Towers – This edifice demonstrates many cardinal elements of Louis Kahn ‘s architecture. All these elements have been used before by other designers but non all at the same clip. Through this construction, Kahn demonstrates the application of retainer and served infinites, overcomes the job of in sufficient lighting and more significantly integrates signifier, stuff, and procedure. As stated by Romaldo Giurgola and Jaimini Mehta, â€Å" Richards Medical Towers represents a important turning point in modern-day architecture. † Salk Institute in La Jolla – This peculiar edifice emphasizes the rule, â€Å" Keep it simple and strong † . Through this edifice, Kahn has achieved amazing usage of infinite, may it be the infinite available for Laboratories where research is conducted, or may it be the office infinite where thoughts arise. This institute shows a fantastic coaction of head and action. The edifice ‘s beautiful concrete surfaces guarantee precise particularization and brilliant experience. The construction is created in such a manner that it takes attention of the demand to envelop specific infinites and does non trust on a general envelope to cover such specific infinite. Paul Heyer, described the cardinal tribunal of the edifice in a really artistic manner. â€Å" The cardinal tribunal, as a typical Kahn-like infinite of shimmering bluish H2O, a set indicating toward the ocean typifying what human enterprise can carry through at one graduated table with geometric lucidity and im portant but modest deliberation, to give to the graduated table less expanse of the ocean, here the Pacific, a affecting gesture. † Louis Kahn was known for his ability to make heroic architectural constructions that showcased human graduated table. He preponderantly used brick and bare concrete as his edifice stuffs and he used extremely refined surfaces like travertine marble for reenforcing the textures. ( http: //www.answers.com/topic/louis-kahn ) Beyond its functional function, Louis Isadore Kahn believed architecture must besides arouse the feeling and symbolism of dateless human values. Louis I. Kahn attempted to explicate the relationship between the rational and romantic duality in his â€Å" form-design † thesis, a theory of composing articulated in 1959. In his personal doctrine, signifier is conceived as formless and immeasurable, a religious power common to all world. It transcends single ideas, feelings, and conventions. ( http: //architect.architecture.sk/louis-isadore-kahn-architect/louis-isadore-kahn-architect.php ) Built-in to Kahn ‘s impression of dateless signifier in the devising of important architectural infinites is the function of natural visible radiation. Louis Isadore Kahn described construction as the giver of visible radiation. For several undertakings located in hot cheery climes, such as the U.S. Consulate in Luanda, Angola ( 1959-1962 ) . the meeting houses of the Salk institute, the Indian Institute of Management ( Ahmadabad, India, 1962-1974 ) , and the National Capital at Dhaka, Louis Isadore Kahn developed visually dynamic sunblocks. Great walls with diversely shaped gaps shield interior suites from the rough visible radiation. The evocation of a wall in ruins suggests an ancient portion Louis Isadore Kahn ‘s handling of visible radiation is a cardinal subject in two unfulfilled temple undertakings, Mikveh Israel ( Philadelphia Pennsylvania, 1961-1972 ) and Hurva ( Jerusalem Israel, 1967-1974 ) every bit good as in one of his greatest works the Kimbell Art Museum ( Fort Worth, Texas. 1966-1972 ) . In the art museum, light enters through narrow slits in the concrete cycloid vaults and is diffused through the gallery insides, which are rich with travertine and oak. Kimbell Art Museum – This Louis Kahn ‘s chef-d'oeuvre in Fort Worth is a beautiful presentation of outmost flawlessness which can be compared merely to the plants done by the Greeks. Kahn used all the tools and available resources with such perfection, that it produced a edifice which had all the constituents working in a sychronized manner and the system as a whole worked absolutely. It is hard to happen any edifice that does non use the stuffs decently and this one is no exclusion.INSPIRATION FOR OTHER ARCHITECTSLouis Kahn ‘s doctrine and extraordinary work has had influence on quite a figure of modern-day designers. Tadao Ando, in his early mid-twentiess, took intiative and travelled throughout Japan, Europe, Africa and the United States for his architectural surveies. He ne'er took any formal preparation in the field of architecture. He would analyze architecture by detecting the existent edifices and reading books of celebrated designers such as Le Corbusier, Mies Van der Roher, Louis Kahn, etc. After he had gathered plenty cognition through his journey across different states, he started his ain pattern. When asked about specifying his manner of architecture, Tadao had one time said that, â€Å" To me, walls are the most basic elements of architecture, and in all my plants, visible radiation is an of import factor † . The Benetton Communications Research Center ( Italy ) and the Naoshima modern-day art museum, ( Japan ) showed that Tadoa Ando was genuinely divine and has learned a batch from the plants of Louis Kahn. Renzo Piano ( born in 1937 ) completed his graduation in architecture in 1964 after which he worked in his household concern. From 1965-1970, Renzo Piano worked in the offices of Louis Kahn ( Philadelphia ) and ZS. Makowski ( London ) . Along with Renzo Piano, another celebrated designer who was greatly influenced by Louis Kahn was Richard Rogers. Renzo Piano met Richard Rogers at the Expo'70 in Osaka and both instantly realized that they had common involvements. One of the most celebrated undertakings of Renzo Piano & A ; Richard Roger is that of Georges Pompidou Centre in Paris. The edifice was designed in such a manner, as if it were turned ‘inside-out ‘ , with the services seeable on the outsides of the edifice doing the interior of the edifice ‘light and airy ‘ . Therefore, this edifice can be said to be made on the similar BASIC construct which Kahn had applied old ages earlier in the Arts Centre where because of his theory of ‘served ‘ and à ¢â‚¬Ëœservant ‘ infinites, immense services canals rose up through the edifice. Hence, it can be safely concluded that Renzo Piano and Richard Roger were both influenced by Louis Kahn. Architect Norman Foster is another celebrated personality influenced by Louis Kahn. Foster happened to analyze Masterss in architecture in America at a clip when Louis Kahn was planing the extension at the Yale University. Geting influenced by Kahn ‘s designs and doctrine, the two designers have besides ended up planing the universe ‘s most exciting edifices. For illustration, Norman Foster ‘s ‘Hongkong and Shanghai Bank ‘ undertaking demonstrates Louis Kahn ‘s influence on Norman Foster. Another designer inspired by Kahn is James Stirling. Stirling was known for his ‘experimental attack ‘ , which meant that he was non committed to one peculiar manner. Besides, this attack meant that Stirling was ready to seek out new thoughts and that decidedly reflected Louis Kahn ‘s quality of planing. Stirling ‘s earlier undertakings for Oxbridge stressed more importance to the construct than to the artistic and useful demands. Due to this experimental attack and stiff attachment to concept, Stirling was frequently criticized for non following architectural rules.

Culture Appropriate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Culture Appropriate - Essay Example The story showed the fusion of the American and Mexican culture as the characters, who were of Mexican heritage tried to integrate themselves into the American society. The fact that story focuses on the issue of gender equality from a feminist perspective, the role of women in the society and cultural integration justifies the work as a culturally appropriate one and underlines its importance as a good cultural source for the American literature. It could be seen that Cisneros tried to draw reference from the American society that has women withdrawing themselves from the role that culture assigned to them and make attempt to attain a certain degree of independence. It also shows the extent at which women struggled against stereotypes and taboos that have a cultural undertone (Perkin & Perkins 2038-2042). What you Pawn I will Redeem by Sherman Alexie shows the journey of the protagonist, Jackson, a Spokane Indian to repossess the powwow regalia of his grandmother. The cultural appro priateness of the Alexie’s work is evident from Jackson’s description of the oppression and violence which is common with indigenous America.

Appendicitis A Medical Perspective Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Appendicitis A Medical Perspective - Case Study Example Despite the belief that appendicitis is a disease that contains minimal health risk, it may still require extensive knowledge for a better medical management of such condition. The definite source for appendicitis is never truly established. Appendix, as mentioned earlier, is an appendage of the colon with no specific function. Contrary to this point, some literature asserts that the appendix is a pouch-like portion that serves as an immune function in young adults--protecting the body against invading microorganisms (Balch 2006, 207). Such theory lends little credit as to why this area is commonly infected itself. With its hollow shape, many believe that in the process of waste disposal, fecal products may fill the space in the appendix and when trapped, disrupts its natural function (Mayo Clinic Staff 2009). The disruption causes it to swell and be pus-filled as an effort to dispel the unwanted contents. On the other hand, the source of infection may come from foreign viral invasion in the alimentary canal (Lewis 2007). Viral infection stimulates the body’s defense, prompting antibodies in the scene in order to flush out viral microorganisms. This consequently results in inflammation, hence, appendicitis. Detection of appendicitis is not as easy as it sounds. Ample knowledge and experience by the medical staff are necessary for accurate clinical diagnosis. The classic physical diagnostic parameters to determine appendicitis are the following: â€Å"pain, nausea or vomiting, sensitivity ... (on) the appendix, and fever† (Hecht 2004, 30). However, such signs and symptoms are also common among other abdominal diseases. Hence, further diagnostic measures should be employed in accurately identifying appendicitis. An article clearly illustrated several methods of assessing the pain elicited with several movements.

Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Technology - Research Paper Example New technology comes in a standard language of interaction and communication as a result calling for the persons interacting with the technology to learn new languages. The case in point is using mobile handsets, which come in few main languages hence even old users have to learn one main language to fit in (Rashed 2). Massive investments in technology could have far-reaching economic changes in the society. These economic adjustments comes in the form of change in lifestyle, expenditure, access to cheap and high-quality products that shall transform lives of local people positively. An example is if a community that grows avocados and ripens them for food gets an investor who shall put up an avocado processing factory that produces cooking oil, body and skin oils, the community shall derive many benefits from this technological investment. First, the expected price of both cooking and body oils is expected to fall once production starts. In addition, the factory shall trigger sprouting of businesses around to cater for the needs of its working class as a means of access to essential commodities (Rashed 4). New technology comes along with an improvement in the means of communication more especially infrastructure development. This results from the expected increase in activities arising from the investment in new technology. Improved infrastructure will aid transport of a vast number of processed items to the markets and movement of technical engineers and employees to the processing centers (Ibrahim 3). Most investments in new technology have led to improved processing capacity as a result leading to the creation of more job opportunities both in technical departments and at the processing centers. This has been the case in many manufacturing companies, which invest in technology to increase processing capacity and consequently lead to creation of more jobs in the factory and indirect jobs for salespeople and

Physics for Future Presidents Writing Assignment Essay

Physics for Future Presidents Writing Assignment - Essay Example technological advancements and the improved knowledge in scientific fields, the deductions and conclusions made by scientists have proven to be accurate and even in some instanced averted disasters in the recent past. Therefore, for future heads of state to prevent future disasters from affecting the inhabitants of their respective countries, they ought to turn to scientists for counsel regarding certain issues of national security. It is necessary for them to display some level of scientific consciousness and edge themselves with qualified advice-givers to be able to make more profound long term decisions (Muller, 2010). Environmental consciousness and strategic prowess in decision making would be very vital tools in determining the success of our future leaders in safeguarding the planet. The comprehension and understanding of science, acts like a compass to our frontrunners directing them to making the most appropriate decisions. There exists pandemonium all over the globe and the urgent matters resulting to all the confusion, ought to be looked into by our leaders and appropriate decisions be made on how to tackle these matters. The comprehension and understanding of science by our prime ministers and presidents is most vital due to the environmental disasters that are looming, due to the way human being are continuously destroying and polluting the environment. Radicals have made it their goal in life to use the obliviousness of the ignorant leaders as a weapon against them. Resulting to individuals living in constant fear, these radials involve themselves in acts of terrorism. They are using ungrounded justifications as explanations to fulfill their own selfish desires. It is up to our future leaders to put under control such delicate issues without resulting to additional collateral damage. The utmost danger is that of extremists acquiring nuclear armaments and weaponries. Deterrence from these catastrophes is beneficial to each and every one of us.

Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Family - Essay Example ther hand, says the definition of what a family is depends on who is going to provide the definition, a social scientist, the State, a conservative society, or a libertarian society. Anthropologists define family by a cultures biological and marital kinship rules and patterns of reciprocal obligations. Different cultures have different definitions of biological and marital kin, and the obligations kin have to one another. Some cultures use the father’s biological line, or the mother’s or both. Kinship obligations, too, end at different levels for different cultures. As examples, Diem says that brothers, sisters and cousins are distinct in the American culture but not so in African societies. From the point of view of structure-functionalists, families are defined by the needs of the greater society. The definition of family changes when society’s needs change. Examples include those when greater society needs rapid population growth such as after a time of war when procreation is emphasized, as against a period of over population when childless couples are supported. For institutionalists, a family is the "traditional," biological, procreati ve and child-rearing structure. For interactionists, the definition is based on the assumption of family-related role behaviours. For economists, the family is a production and consumption unit, thus defining a household slave in an African or Arabian household or the indentured servant in an early-American household as part of the family. Further, according to Diem, the State’s definition of family follows the structure-functionalist approach, where the State’s needs dictate how the authoritative and legal definition of family shall be formulated. In a Conservative Free Society, as envisioned by Nisbet (1953), where the role of social institutions such as church, economy and educational system, are enhanced and those of the State reduced, the social institutions define family. Church may not recognise an unmarried

Network Configurations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Network Configurations - Essay Example The VLANs are going to be defined in our Cisco catalyst 4300-X series switch in the VLAN Trunking Protocal (VTP). After the creation of the VLANs, there is the creation of ports. The VLANs are created using numbers and the numbers are in two ranges for the creation, that is: The creation of the solution template helps in the design of a standard modular network solutions. This solution template handles the issue of all non−standard, non device−specific configuration , for instance VLAN configuration, routing protocols, spanning tree parameters, among others (Lammle, 2011). Ideally, authentication protocols like the RADIUS, LDAP, TACACS+, among others provide a means to verify a legitimate user. These protocols are used to prevent those that are not supposed to access the out-of-band management ports. IP address filtering and authentication can also be employed. One can also opt to use Password Manager Pro which provides a centralized repository for that stores alt of passwords securely and facilitates easy administration (Ohio,

Development and new trend of holography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Development and new trend of holography - Essay Example It can refer to either the encoded objects or the resulting image. A holographic image can be viewed shinning a laser via a hologram and projecting the reflection onto a display or by looking into a lit-up holographic print. A hologram appears to be an indefinable pattern of whorls and stripes, but, once shone on by a coherent light such as by a laser beam, it configures the light into a three-dimensional image of the primary object (Hannes & Michael, 2008). Holography is founded on the principle of interference, whereby, the inference pattern between two or more rays of a coherent light, that is a laser light, is captured by a hologram. Here, a single ray is illuminated directly on the recording mean and operate as a reference to the light dispersed from the lit-up scene. Hence, the hologram captures a beam as it interests the entire part of film, which explains its description as a window with memory. A holographic film physical medium is quite photosensitive that includes a fine grains structure. Some of the most used materials include dichromate gelatins, photopolymers and silver-halide emulsions and all have varying characteristics and entail dissimilar processing (Hannes & Michael, 2008). A hologram is the documented interference pattern of constructive, intensity peaks, and destructive, elimination, of the covered-up light wave fronts known as the electromagnetic field. With a coherent light source and a definite geometry or a short pulse period, the interference pattern is at a stands till and, hence, can be recorded into the hologram’s photosensitive suspension. Afterwards, the hologram is chemically developed to a point where the suspension acquires a modulated density, which freezes the inference pattern into fringes. When observing the modulated structure under a microscope, it appears different in comparison to the image encoded within. The density fringes are a scattered pattern of wave front

Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Nursing - Essay Example It is necessary that every member of an organization must be involved in dealing with the problem of absenteeism. Nyathi and , Jooste ( 2008) point out that, if absenteeism among nursing staff occurs, this puts a greater workload on the staff who do turn up, and so this leads to a downward spiral of stress on staff, and eventually even more absenteeism. The authors mention factors such as† work attitudes (job satisfaction, organizational commitment and work/job involvement) and retention factors,† but admit that in many cases reasons behind absenteeism are poorly understood. Managers, especially those who see staff every day such as ward managers, should know their staff so well that they are aware when any members of staff feel themselves to be under stress at work, as this which is identified as being a major factor in absenteeism. . Communication is important. Staff need to hear and understand the organization’s plans, goals, and objectives in order that they can uphold and protect them. The executive team is charged with the mandate of ensuring that when a new employee is hired, they are taken through the organization’s corporate vision. This will ensure that that person understands what the institution is like and its ethos. If everyone is told and understands fully what is expected of him or her, it is easier in the course of business to remind them of what is expected of them, whether with regard to being available when required, or with regard to some other matter. Slater and William (1996) describe how letting staff have a greater larger degree of control of rotas led to better communications between management and staff. It was also discovered that many nurses had not realized the impact their negative behavior was having both on the organization and their colleagues. It was also felt that if mention was made of absenteeism staff might feel that they

Dear Board of Directors Essay Example for Free

Dear Board of Directors Essay Upon implementing a Broad Differentiation strategy, Andrews Company desired to have highly demanded products in each of the market segments, hold the majority market share compared to our competitors and increase the value of our firm by the year 2021. We believed that this strategy could get us to that point and we have successfully done so. The start up of Andrews Company proved to be more difficult than anticipated due to high costs in marketing and RD, investing in automation of sensors and due to our decision to take out most of our loans in the early stages of our product, leading to negative profits for the first two years. However, Broad Differentiation lucratively brought Andrews market share up to 30.93% outweighing the competition (Exhibit 1). Andrews Company will continue to implement this strategy with the goal to hold high demand, continue cutting costs with total quality management initiatives and by reevaluating our capacity and production issues, which will be discussed throughout the course of our analysis. Research and Development Proper allocation of funds towards research and development proved to be of high importance, allowing customers to have access to better-quality products. Andrews Company effectively adjusted each product to their proper ideal spot on the perceptual map by using the segment centers and ideal spot offsets annually. This allowed Andrews to gain optimal market demand, leading to us being able to charge a higher price than competitors later on, thus obtain higher profit among other initiatives. Our high demand was essential in offsetting the costs associated with investing in marketing and promotional budgets, buy/sell capacity and automation of products. Marketing By investing insistently in promo and sales in all the market segments, we were able to increase accessibility and market demand. It was Andrews’s goal to have our products be in the minds of customers of all types and charge a premium for our excellent designs. Another advantage Andrews had over our competitors was that we forecasted at our potential market share, rather than our actual, based on the presumption our customers will be loyal to our brand and we would continue to invest in marketing expenditures. Once we feel comfortable that we hold enough market share, we can then start to cut costs in this department. Finances Monitoring spending and Andrews finances was perhaps the most vital part of our success. In the earlier years of our company we took out large quantities of long-term debt to help finance investment in automation and lowering the cost of producing sensors. Each year Andrews experienced a steep increase in sales, while variable costs gradually increased (Exhibit 2). The extra debt we took out early on we believe to have assisted with the dramatic increase in profits each year (Exhibit 3). One thing Andrews could have done to also assist with the increase in profits was to issue stock, which would have helped raise more capital to invest in capacity capabilities. However, we felt that issuing stock would have diluted the price. We successfully raised our stock price to $281.95 by the end of 2021 (Exhibit 4). A 723% increase from the start of 2014. Production A barrier for further success of Andrews Company was production versus capacity. While production was upwards of 18,000+, capacity only resulted in roughly 11,000. Each year we gradually invested more and more in automation and capacity due to our rising profits, which allowed us to improve our margins (Exhibit 5). We should have properly invested in capacity in the earlier rounds to help bridge the gap between capacity and production. However, Andrews’s strategy was to focus on correctly adjusting our products on the perceptual map to their ideal spots and we planned to never invest so much so that this could not happen. TQM and Human Resources In 2017, Andrews met labor demands and we paid our employees a higher rate than competitors. This tactic was able to put some of the other employees in competitive firms to go on strike for several days, resulting in a higher market share and a better reputation among customers and potential employees. Andrews also spent money each year on training employees for a maximum of 80 hour and recruiting spend of about $4.5 million each year, increasing our productivity index to 129.9% by the end of 2021. At the beginning of 2016, Andrews made an executive decision to invest in total quality management. Of a budget of $4 million, we allotted $1.5 million in 2016 and 2017, then another $600 thousand in 2018. After this amount was spent, we would have seen diminishing returns and opted to cap out at $3.6 million. The substantial investment allowed us to reduce labor and material costs, while increasing demand, thus allowing us to steadily increase profits each year, especially during this three-year span when competitors did not spend enough in TQM. The Future of Andrews Andrews Company will continue to use its method of broad differentiation in the upcoming years and plans to issue stock in order to help with investing in capacity issues that we’ve had in the past. We will continue to spend on marketing, research and development and compensating our employees adequately in order to keep our high market share. Distinguishing our products will continue to be of the utmost importance, offering clientele a superior design. Appendix

Examining The Theories For Effective Practice

Examining The Theories For Effective Practice My choice to apply these two theories to the case scenario of Ms Joanna is based on the structure of these methods. Payne (2005, p 97) cites that Both crisis intervention and task-centred practice reflect a contemporary trend towards brief, focused and structured theories that deal with immediate, practical problems. Because of the recent diagnosis of breast cancer, Joanna is faced with some difficult decisions concerning her sons future. She wants to be sure that she would make the best decision available. Therefore task-centred approach would be the best way for her to achieving this and any other problems that might arise during the exploration process. Task-centred approach tends to be very structured and person-centred and it can be oriented to ease the most pressing problems. Task-centred practice has been developed within SW itself and tested in a wide variety of circumstances. The procedural aspect of task-centred practice has clearly been shaped by community care policy and care management. Time-limits, plan and contract based are key features of care management practice (Ford and Postle, 2000). The method is informed by a theoretical framework, which includes elements of systems theory, ego psychology, behaviourism, and empowerment theory. Hence the precise form it may take will be influenced by one or more of these theoretical traditions. Task-centred practice draws heavily from other problem solving methodology such as positive reframing from family therapy (Payne, 1997) and is in direct contrast to the more paternalistic professional practice traditionally employed. The values of self-determination and empowerment are central, as the service user, in this case Joanna, is seen as the best authority on her problems. Task-centred work fits closely with concepts of partnership and participation, in that Joanna should be fully informed and as fully involved as possible through out this process. Its principle stance on open, collaborative and accountable practice is clearly compatible with the values of AOP (Doel and Marsh, 1992). Ford and Postle (2000, p 53) the approach is focused on problem-solving, and is short-term and time-limited. The principle aim of task-centred work is to resolve problems presented by the service user. Hence the starting point of this practice is the problem. Task-centred practice is characterised by mutual clarity and therefore should only be carried out under the following three conditions. The service user must acknowledge the problem and be willing to work on it, they should be in a position to take action to reduce the problem and the problem must be specific and limited in nature. In this scenario Joanna has presented herself to the social worker, she has asked for help in decision making. Firstly the SW has to identify the main components and problems. For the SW this would be a task which would need careful consideration, planning and analysis. The recent diagnosis of an advanced breast cancer requires Joanna to explore different options for planning her sons future. Therefore the initial phase of task-centred practice is problem exploration. During this phrase key problems are identified, and then prioritised. There should be a maximum of three problems where the SW would be working on with Joanna. Too many selected problems will probably lead to confusion and dissipated effort Doel and Marsh (1992, p 31). Having identified the problem(s) the SW would then find out what Joanna wants are. Once the basis for work is established, the SW and Joanna precede in a series of incremental steps towards the goal(s). According to Doel and Marsh (1992) the journey from agreeing the objective to achieving it is measured in small steps called tasks. These are put into place by Joanna and the SW. As a result this would help Joanna in achieving her objective and the alleviation of the problem. Methods or techniques for achieving the task(s) should be negotiated with Joanna. Task-centred practice is designed to enhance the problem solving skills of participants. Therefore it is important that tasks undertaken by clients involve elements of decision making and self-direction. The task-centred approach would enable fast and effective support to Joanna. The time-limit is a brief statement about the likely length of time needed to reach the goal Doel Marsh (1992, p 51). A time limit is important for a number of reasons. It guards against drift, allows time for a review and encourages accountability. It also acts as an indicator of progress (Adams, Dominelli and Payne, 2002). The task stage is made up of a series of developments and reviews. The execution of reviews is important as it allows for an assessment of the success of the steps taken. The ending of the process of task-centred work will have been anticipated at the initial phrase. The concluding session should include a review of the work that has been accomplished by Joanna in order to alleviate the target problem. The main advantage of the task-centred practice are that it does not mean simply assigning tasks but it is a very well researched, feasible, and cost-effective method of working. The source of the problem is not presumed to reside in only the service-user. Attention is paid to external factors such as welfare rights and housing, and where there is scope to supply power it is taken in the form of information and knowledge giving. It also addresses the strengths of people and their networks. Task-centred attempts to put worker and client on the same level Coulshed Orme (1998, p 123). Althought the advantages to task-centred practice can be easily identified, the disadvantages and drawbacks are not as easy, as they are based on research. Therefore, it is not only looking at the approach widely and hypothesising disadvantages, but putting the approach into practice and gathering relevant information to analyse any negative conclusions. Some of these disadvantages would be that underlying problems requiring longer term approaches may go unnoticed, it requires sustained efforts from service user who may sometimes be unable to do this due to physical or emotional strengths. Clients may be overwhelmed by problems and unable to deal with them in a structured way. However the SW would still have a positive gain by improving their capacity for clearer thinking and forward planning, which in turn brings on successful intervention Coulshed Orme (1998, p 119). Moving on to Crisis intervention, which can be quite diverse with the models that uses. Payne (199, p 101) states that crisis intervention uses elements of ego-psychology from psychodynamic perspective. It focuses on the service-users emotional responses or reactions to external events and how to control them. Strategies of crisis intervention are based on psychological theory However, these are adapted and modified to fit the demands of the crisis situation. Crisis is a universal concept which affects people from all cultures. James and Gilliland define a crisis as a perception or experiencing of an event or situation as an intolerable difficulty that exceeds the persons current resources and coping mechanisms (2001, p 3). People in crisis situations may overlook or ignore important details and distinctions that occur in their environment and might have trouble relating ideas, events, and actions in a logical way. Crisis intervention, therefore, is an action plan to help people cope with immediate acute stressful demands. Hence, as crisis intervention focuses on resolving immediate problems and emotional conflicts through a minimum number of contacts. The first stage would be to enable the service-user to make sense of what has happened to them and to begin to feel in control. Drawing on Joannas situation, one can easily see that this type of approach would benefit her in many ways. Joannas cancer is advanced and the life-time left may not be very long. She is aware of her health situation and would need help with her emotional situation as well as Jacobs. Joanna sees herself in a state of emotional disequilibrium and is struggling to adjust and find a new sense of balance of all her problems, her emotional situation might seem insuperable at the time. Joana does not feel in control of her life anymore but still is trying to manage. Crisis intervention, intervenes when people have reached a situation in their lives they can no longer cope with. Thompson (2005, p 69) describes it as a turning point in peoples lives which creates a lot of energy that can be used positively to tackle problems, resolve difficulties and move beyond previous barriers to progress. This would empower and help Joanna to identify her major problems and find better coping mechanisms. By providing support such as home visits this would help with the breakdown of care for her son and family as well as offer Joanna time for herself to come to terms with her illness. The methods I would use are the Roberts (1995, p 18) seven stage model. The first stage would be by assessing lethality. Although Joanna presented herself to the SW she might not be the only person most at risk: it might be that Jacob is facing emotional reaction that can even lead to self harm. Therefore the SW should plan and conduct a crisis assessment as well as lethality measures. James and Gilliland emphasise that assessment should be a constant part of crisis intervention, because of rapidly changing emotions Payne (2005, p 105). The second stage of this model would be establishing a rapport and effective communication skills. This can be easily achieved by genuinely respecting and accepting Joanna and her family and sometimes reassuring that behaviour is not unreasonable or unexpected, this may help to achieve the rapport building. In the third stage the SW has to Identify what Joanna sees as her major problems. Myers (2001) distinction between affective, cognitive and behavioural aspects of the reaction to the crisis are also relevant here (Payne, 2005: 107). In the fourth stage the social worker would be actively working on Joannas feelings and emotions, as when dealing with an immediate problem, it can be easy to miss out or avoid to focus on feelings. The fifth stage involves looking at the past coping mechanisms. In Joanas situation, the death of her partner can be seen as a success. Success should be highlighted and reinforced Payne (2005, p 108). In stage six Joana would be working with her SW to understand why the crisis situation was so distressing. Finding a way to manage the situation and formulating an action plan that works for her, so that she can reach her goals and would feel empowered. In the final stage the SW has to make sure that Joanna would feel able to return if further problems arise and establish an action plan for Joanna and family, to help them indentify likely stressful points in the future. During this process, the SW should remain self aware of own biases and vulnerabilities and recognize how these could have an impact on her own judgment and actions. Payne, (1996, p 43) quotes that the term intervention is oppressive. It indicates the moral and political authority of the social worker to invade the social territories of service users. Even though Joanna presented herself for help, she could still see this intervention as being intrusive; this may oppress her and make her feel powerless. She has had the main role of the parent and house keeper in the family and may feel that these have been taken away from her. Joanna may feel detached from her family and internalize the problem, and may not focus on the situation; instead she may focus on the intrusion. So the SW may not get a true picture of her feelings and may interpret things wrongly and make assumptions. Crisis intervention can be seen as oppressive at times as it demands quick answers in a short time frame. Therefore not taking into consideration different culture background which may see this as questioning and make them feel discriminated against. In conclusion both try to improve peoples capacity to deal with life problems. Crisis intervention uses practical tasks to help people readjust; they place great importance in the emotional response to the crises and the chances of peoples capacity to manage their everyday problems in the future. Task-centred work focuses on performances in practical tasks which will resolve particular problems. Success in achieving tasks helps emotional problems. Crisis intervention has a theory of origin of life difficulties. Task-centred work takes problems as given, to be resolved pragmatically. Payne (2005) In summary, I have discussed task-centred and crisis intervention approaches and identified that despite their different origins and differing emphasis, both these approaches have a role to play in promoting the anti-oppressive approach in SW practice by restoring as much control as possible and validating and celebrating strengths. They both reject the long term intervention of psychodynamic work which makes the service-user more dependent on the worker. Both theories promote the time limited and more focused way of working with service-users. Although the approaches have limitations, they provide frameworks for SW to engage with the service-users in the most effective way.

Classification Of Facility Layout Problems

Classification Of Facility Layout Problems The purpose of this literature review is to explore the general facility layout problem, the dynamic facility layout problem, the models that have been used to represent the facility layout problem and the algorithms that solve the models,. Classification of Facility Layout Problems Determining the most efficient arrangement of physical departments within a facility is defined as a facility layout problem (FLP) (SMTF Ghomi et al, 2011). Over the period of several couple of decades, FLP have been studied by several researchers to a significant extent for establishing optimum and universal method to solve the problem and a large variety of solution procedures based on algorithms have been proposed. Facility layout problems are classified into two categories, static facility layout problem (SFLP) and dynamic facility layout problem (DFLP). Static facility layout problem (SFLP) The static facility layout problem (SFLP) is the determination of the most efficient arrangement of departments within a facility with scope of improvement only within the layout boundary. The facility can be manufacturing plants, administrative office buildings, or service facilities,( Alan R, jin et al 2005). The static facility layout problem (SFLP) approach generally assumes that flow between machines, product demand, and levels of product mix are constant during the planning horizon. Dynamic facility layout problem (DFLP) When material flow assumes varied path between departments during the planning horizon, the problem becomes the dynamic facility layout problem (DFLP). Under a volatile environment, demand is not stable. It changes from one production period to another. To operate efficiently under such environments, the facilities must be adaptive to changes of production requirements. From a layout point of view, this situation requires the solution of the dynamic layout problem (DLP). (Adil, Turkay et al 2005) Tree representation of the layout problems Essential feature of layout problems are characterized in tree representation diagram as shown in fig. Tree representation of the layout problems (Amine,henri et al 2007) Algorithms for Solving facility layout problems There are two types of algorithms for solving facility layout problems. One is heuristic algorithm and another is optimal algorithm. Heuristic algorithms These algorithms provide a solution which possibly might not just be the best fit for the problem. A good heuristic approach usually produces the best solution for most of the small problems. A heuristic algorithm works towards an optimal solution but ends its search when it finds a good enough solution. As computation increases, these algorithms will approach the optimal solution. The purpose of the heuristic algorithm is not to find the best or optimal solution but to find an acceptable solution in an acceptable amount of time using an acceptable amount of computer memory. Heuristic algorithms can also be classified as construction algorithms and improvement algorithms. Construction algorithms In Construction algorithms layout is constructed from the beginning and facilities are assigned to a site, one at a time, until the complete layout is obtained. (andrew, et al 1987). The plant layout software using a construction type algorithm will first construct a solution in an open floor area from raw data. The algorithm basically takes relationships between activity areas into account and generates a block layout. Their basic approach is to find a starting point or initial activity placement and then add the remaining activity areas according to certain rules. In some algorithms the rules are similar to Muthers vowel letter sequencing (A-E-I-O-U-X) for closeness relationships. Three well known examples of construction algorithms are CORELAP, PLANET, and ALDEP. CORELAP Computerized Relationship Layout Planning (CORELAP) is a construction algorithm and was developed by Robert C. Lee. It is the oldest construction algorithm based on Richard Muthers manual procedure of converting the Relationship Chart into a layout. The basic inputs required by CORELAP are the relationship chart and the area requirements of each department. CORELAP begins by calculating the total closeness rating (TCR) for each department where TCR is the sum of the numerical values assigned to the closeness relationships (A=6, E=5, 1=4, etc.). A disadvantage of CORELAP is that it has problems when an attempt is made to fix departments in a certain location. CORELAP does not take into account the building and is dependent on the layout arrangement. It is useful for new plants where the objective is to determine new building design and not for buildings that are already in existence.( Altaf et al 1995) ALDEP Automated Layout Design Program (ALDEP) was developed within IBM and was presented by Jerrold Seehof and Wayne Evans. It was first published in 1967. ALDEP has the same basic data input requirements as CORELAP. It differs from CORELAP in using the Total Closeness Rating for placement of departments; ALDEP selects and places departments randomly. CORELAP attempts to construct the one best layout while ALDEP constructs many layouts and rates each layout and thus leaves the final decision of selecting the appropriate layout to the facility designer. Advantages of using ALDEP include rectangular or square layouts. It is also capable of handling facilities with up to three floors and provides the capability to fix departments in a certain location and to include docks, elevators and stairwells. The disadvantage of ALDEP is that it randomly picks departments for consideration in the layout process. Hence, ALDEP should be executed several times to assure that the layouts generated are the b est layouts. The best layout will eventually generated will be presented to the facility designer for selecting the most appropriate and feasible layout. PLANET Plant Layout Analysis and Evaluation Technique (PLANET) is another construction type algorithm. It uses the same input requirements as CRAFT. PLANET is flexible in that it will accept material flow data in three formats and that there are three different layout construction phases available. The three phases that are available to generate a layout are as follows: The first phase involves the translation of the input data so that it is useful to the algorithm in PLANET. The second phase involves the selection of the order in which the departments are to be considered in the layout. The third phase involves the determination of the placements of the departments when they are considered for the layout (placement priority from the highest to the lowest is 1 to 9). PLANET converts the materials flow information from either a from-to cost chart, a from-to chart or a penalty chart to a flow-between cost chart. This is done by adding the values in both directions between departments and then entering the sum for the flow in each direction. The basis for the PLANET selection algorithms are the flow-between cost chart and placement priorities The advantages of using PLANET are that it is very flexible in allowing inputs such as materials flow data to be entered in three formats and having three methods in constructing a layout. The disadvantages with PLANET are that in its conversion of inputs to a flow-between cost chart, it considers the closeness relationships between departments but conceals the direction of flow among departments. This may result in layouts that have a considerable amount of backtracking among the departments. Improvement algorithms An improvement algorithm always begins with an initial layout. The algorithm exchanges department locations until a layout is found that cannot be improved. The quality of the layout generated depends upon the initial layout and the ability of the algorithm to exchange multiple departments at a time. The basic approach of improvement algorithms is to minimize transportation cost or movement cost by reducing the distance on the most traveled routes. Popular examples of improvement type computer routines are COFAD, CRAFT and BLOCKPLAN. CRAFT Computerized Relative Allocation of Facilities Technique (CRAFT) was the first improvement type algorithm used in computerized facilities design. CRAFT was developed in 1964 by Armour and Buffa. CRAFT begins with an initial layout that is entered by the analyst. The layout is evaluated, and pair wise exchanges of departments are made to try to improve the layout. Layouts are evaluated on the minimization of material flow cost between departments. Pair wise exchanges are only made between departments that are of equal size or have common boundaries. CRAFT can handle up to 40 departments and is preferred by many over CORELAP and ALDEP due to its evaluation of layouts. CORELAP and ALDEP minimize the quantity of flow between departments and maximize closeness ratings, while CRAFT minimizes the cost of flow between departments. The initial layout utilized by CRAFT restricts the boundaries of all layouts generated from it. CRAFT does not work well with departments having unequal areas beca use it is unable to shift the layout to allow nonadjacent departments of unequal areas to be exchanged. (jin et al 1996) used CRAFT to solve the failure-to-fit problem by changing the size and/or shape of the departments in a systematic manner without the help of humans COFAD Computerized Facilities Design (COFAD) is a modification of CRAFT. COFADs algorithm first tries to improve the initially inputted layout by a procedure that Is similar to CRAFT except that COFAD is capable of considering straight line as well as rectilin2ar distances between departments being considered for interchange. This is useful for materials handling systems that use conveyors that do not have to follow aisles in a rectilinear fashion. COFAD then determines the cost of performing each move using the feasible materials handling system alternatives available. This is dependent on the type of material handling system chosen (ie. fixed path equipment such as conveyors or mobile equipment such as tote carts). COFADs next function is to use the above move costs to determine a minimal cost of materials handling system. The disadvantages of using COFAD are that the sensitivity analysis within COFAD only considers variations in the total flow volume for a predefined product mix and doe s not evaluate changes in product mix. (Vic Kichodhan et al 1990) BLOCKPLAN BLOPLAN stands for Block Layout Overview with Computerized Planning. A computer routine which allows the use of random, construction, and improvement type algorithms is BLOCPLAN. It was developed by Dr. Charles E. Donaghey, Chairman of the Industrial Engineering Department at the University of Houston. BLOCPLAN is an interactive program used to develop and improve both single and multi storey layout BLOCPLAN is a departmental location system that includes random, construction and improvement type algorithms for developing layouts It is a simple program which generates good initial layouts due to its flexibility based on several imbedded options. It uses both quantitative and qualitative data to generate several block layouts and their measure of fitness. ( Pinto, et al 2007). BLOCPLAN can display a layout graphically on the screen. The inputs that are required are: the no of department (maximum 18) The Names of the departments, their corresponding areas, and a relationship chart. The chart relationship format is the same as suggested by Mather in his Systematic Layout Planning procedures. Once the relationship chart has been entered, BLOCKPLAN then displays a relationship vector of Code equivalent Score. The purpose of this is to allow the facility designer to indicate the importance attached to the rating of the relationship chart, BLOCPLAN needs to use some quantifiable factor to rake decisions when it generates and scores layouts. It uses the CES vector to assign a numeric value relationship chart. The default CES vector values are 10, 5, 3, 2, 1, 0, and -10. This means that has A rating is worth 10, an E rating is worth 5 and so on. .An X rating is worth -10. The facility designer can also set his/her own values if desired. (Vic Kichodhan et al 1990) The procedure that BLOCPLAN uses to generate layouts is that it first determines an Importance Rating (IR) for each department in the layout. The rating is the sum of all the relationship scores for each department, using the CES vector values. Second, a menu for the facility designer is displayed. The options are: Random Layout. Layout Algorithm. Improvement Algorithm. Adjust Relationship Information. Manually Insert Departments. Review Saved Layouts. Stop. Save Problem Data Selecting option one, Random Layout, will cause layout to be developed without regard to the relationship chart. The Departments will be located randomly in one of the eighteen zones that the software has generated. BLOCPLAM divides the building layout in to three tiers, with three zones per tier. Each zone can be further divided into its left and right side giving the possible eighteen zones. BLOCPLAN randomly selects one of the eighteen locations for each department and assigns it to a particular location. After all the departments have been assigned a location, the software proceeds to draw the layout. It looks at the departments that are located in Tier 1 up to six departments can be located in Tier 1. The total required area of a tier is the sum of all the areas for the departments located in that particular tier. Each department is drawn in proportion to its area and the departments are rectangular in shape. If a department with a small area is the only one located in a tier, it will be drawn as a long narrow department stretching across the entire layout. BLOCPLAN continues with this procedure for all the tiers. The layout generated is scored by the scoring algorithm based on an adjacency criterion. The CES scores for departments that share a common boundary in the layout are summed and then divided by the sum of all the positive CES scores from the relationship chart. A score of 1.0 indicates that all good relationships in the relationship chart have been satisfied in the layout Selecting option two, Layout Algorithm, will cause the software to make available to the facility designer a layout algorithm. The algorithm places departments that have high IR scores in the center of the layout and then surrounds them with departments with high relationships. Departments with an X relationship are separated as much as possible. This method of locating the departments produces layouts that are better than the random process. Selecting option three, Improvement Algorithm, will cause the software to try to improve on a layout that has been saved in memory. The improvement algorithm interchanges each pair of departments in the layout and then displays its score before moving to the next interchange when the facility designer hits the Return Key. The number of interchanges is the combination of the number of departments taken two at a time. For example, for ten departments there will be forty five interchanges. The optimum layout can be obtained by using option two, Layout Algorithm, and then using this option, Improvement Algorithm, to improve on the previous saved layout. Selecting option four, Adjust Relationship Info, allows the relationship information to be changed. The facility designer can change the relationship information and the CES scores that were originally entered. This allows the effects of changes in the relationship chart to be evaluated Selecting option five, Manually Insert Departments, will allow the manual placement of departments in the layout. Each department can be manually placed in the desired tier and zone. This is the same as fixing a department in a layout The advantages of BLOCPLAN are that it is a useful tool to facility designers in that layouts can be generated or evaluated, the effects of changing the values in a relationship chart can be analyzed, and it only requires a microcomputer as opposed to a mainframe to operate. Although the processing time varies with the number of departments that have to be located, the limitation of BLOCPLAN being able to only handle eighteen departments limits the processing time to a reasonable amount. The disadvantages of BLOCPLAN are: BLOCPLAN can only handle layouts with eighteen departments or less. BLOCPLAN can only store twenty layouts in memory. All the layouts are displayed on the screen within a rectangular drawing that has a horizontal length of 6.75 inches and a vertical height of 4.75 inches regardless of the number of departments in the layout or their placement in the layout. Simulated Annealing Algorithms Simulated Annealing (SA) is a method based on Monte Carlo simulation, which solves difficult combinatorial optimization problems. The name comes from the analogy to the behavior of physical systems by melting a substance and lowering its temperature slowly until it reaches freezing point (physical annealing). Simulated annealing was first used for optimization by Kirkpatrick et al. (1983). In the numerical optimization framework, SA is a procedure that has the capability to move out of regions near local minima. SA is based on random evaluations of the objective function, in such a way that transitions out of a local minimum are possible. It does not guarantee, of course, to find the global minimum, but if the function has many good near-optimal solutions, it should find one (George D. et al 2002) Simulated annealing was also used in General Facility Layout Problems (GFLP) considering facilities areas, shapes and orientations or in Machine Layout problems (MLP) considering machines pick-up and drop-off points (Leonardo Chwif et al 1998). SA was also used for dynamic facility layout problems for solving the problems for arranging and rearranging (when there are changes between the flows of materials between departments) manufacturing facilities such that the sum of the material handling and rearrangement costs is minimized (Alan R et al 2006). Wang et al (2001) developed a model to solve the facility layout problem in cellular manufacturing system. In the model, they assumed that the demand rate varies over the product life cycle. The objective function was to minimize the total material handling cost and solve both inter and intra cell facility layout problems simultaneously. Simulated annealing heuristic for the DFLP with budget constraint, and show the effectiveness of this heuristic on a set of numerical experiments (Ramazan et al., 2010). Artificial Neural Networks Neural networks are a potent method of optimization which relies on developing systems that exhibits self organization and adaptation in a similar, though basic, manner to the way in which biological systems work. A kind of artificial neural network model has been implemented for computation to solve a wide variety of discrete combinatorial optimization problems. A neural expert system is an interactive classification system with justification capability. This system begins with the knowledge representatives from a set of training examples, learns through representatives, and then develops the capability to correctly classify new cases based on learned knowledge. This classification capability makes the proposed neural expert system generate a conceptual construction layout in the form of the learned symbolic knowledge resonant to the input layout requirements. ANN can be a system comprising N ÃÆ'- N neurons based on an artificial two-dimensional maximum neural network for an N-facility layout problem. ANN algorithm has given improved solutions for several benchmark problems over the best existing algorithms (Kazuhiro Tsuchiya et al 1996). The annealed neural network combines characteristics of the simulated annealing algorithm and the neural network for rapid convergence of the neural network, while preserving the solution quality afforded by simulated annealing (Yeh, 2006). This have also found implementation in solving the facility layout problem Genetic Algorithms GAs came to the fore in the 1960s, through the work of Holland for solving many industrial and service sector problems that proved extremely difficult to solve with the available methods known at that time. The main contribution of GAs is solving optimization and search problems by providing a solution which is not the optimal one but which is nevertheless a good approximation to the optimal one. As a result of the enormous increase in the capacity of computer technology, applying GAs, in recent years has become more and more well-known, since the problem of the cost of using computer facilities which might have arisen, is in reality only a minor one (A.Gomez et al 2003). With cyber technology gaining impetus software based on GA have been developed for problem solving. An improved hybrid genetic algorithm (IHGA) was developed to use a robust local improvement procedure as well as an effective restart mechanism that is based on so-called shift mutations and applied to the well-known combinatorial optimization problem and quadratic assignment problem (QAP) (Alfonsas Misevicius et al 2004). Extensive computational experiments for solving quadratic assignment problems using various variants of a hybrid genetic algorithm were carried out (Zvi Drezner et al 2008). Simple tabu and modified robust tabu as improvement algorithms in a hybrid genetic algorithm are superior than other tabu searches (concentric tabu, ring moves, all moves, robust tabu) (Jasmit singh kochher et al 1997) outline a GA based algorithm for solving the single floor facility layout problems for equal and unequal size department. (Ming-Jaan Wang et al 2005) is focus on the unequal areas department facilities layout problem, and implements analysis of variance (ANOVA) of statistics to find out the best site size of layout by genetic algorithm. The dynamic plant layout problem (DPLP deals with the design of multi-period layout plans Although an optimal solution method based on dynamic programming is available, it is not practical for large DPLPs and heuristics based on genetic algorithms can solve large DPLPs. (Jaydeep Balakrishnan et al 2003) extend and improve the use of genetic algorithms by creating a hybrid genetic algorithm and a computational study is carried out to compare the proposed algorithm with the existing genetic algorithms and a recent simulated annealing algorithm. An important methodology in facility layout problems that can be used to gauge current and emerging trends in new design objectives and methodologies that address combinatorial optimization aspects and presents a state-of-the-art review of the application of the Genetic Algorithm (GA)(Kundu A et al 2010) NP-hard problem of arranging a number of facilities on a line with minimum cost, known as the single row facility layout problem (SRFLP) and to solve this type of problems permutation-based genetic algorithm (GA) is used. (Dilip Datta et al 2011) Tabu Search Algorithm TS technique is a meta-heuristic search that is used to solve the combinatorial optimization problems TS, is usually dominated by neighborhood solutions in searching for an optimal solution. Unlike the GA, it is highly dependent on the values of the algorithms control parameters. TS is based on flexible memory structures in connection with strategic restrictions and aspiration levels as an approach for exploiting solutions. The search begins when the parameters are chosen and a feasible solution to the problem is generated. The main parameters of TS technique are the neighborhood size, the size of tabu list, the aspiration criteria and stopping criteria. The operator that can be altered in order to generate neighborhood solutions is move. This operator can place each element to move from its location to any other location in the solution. From move, a set of neighboring solutions is generated through a pre- defined change to the current solution. Then the best solution is selected from the current set of neighboring solutions and this becomes the new current solution. Again, a new set of neighboring solutions is generated from the new current solution and the process repeats itself until the stopping criteria are met. (Lou Y. Liang et al 2008). There are two new reaction strategies for the tabu search algorithm. The first strategy treats the tabu search algorithm as a target system to be controlled and uses a control-theoretic approach to adjust the algorithm parameters that affect search intensification. The second strategy is a flexible diversification strategy which can adjust the algorithms parameters based on the search history. These two strategies, combined with tabu search, form the Self Controlling Tabu Search (SC-Tabu) algorithm. The algorithm is implemented and tested on the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP). The results show that the self-controlling features of the algorithm make it possible to achieve good performance on different types of QAP instances. (Nilgun Fescioglu-Unver et al 2011) Two extensions were suggested and tested for concentric tabu search for the quadratic assignment problem to include more permissible moves (Zvi Drezner et al 2005). The optimal solution for special case of Single Row Facility Layout Problem (SRFLP) was proposed through a theorem by Hamed Samarghandi et al in 2010. He proposed a new algorithm based on tabu search for the SRFLP and suggest computational results of the proposed algorithm on benchmark problems show the greater efficiency of the algorithm compared to the other heuristics for solving the SRFLP. Slicing tree based tabu search heuristic for the rectangular, continual plane facility layout problem (FLP) had been designed with procedure to calculate the layout corresponding to a given slicing tree on the basis of bounding curves (Daniel Scholz et al 2009). These layouts are slicing structures which are able to contain empty spaces to guarantee that stringent shape restrictions of facilities are kept. Due to these features this approach is better suited for practical use than so far existing ones. Graph Theory Graph theory (Seppanen and Moore, 1970) can be used as a means to create good layouts based on the flow matrix. A relationship diagram can be drawn as a weighted graph with the nodes signifying the departments and the edges representing the flow between the department pairs. The dual of this graph is a block diagram layout. Graph theory approach, relationships (or flows) among facilities can be represented by a (relationship) graph in which vertices denote facilities and edges denote existence of flows or relationships between facilities. A requirement for existence of a block layout satisfying the relationships represented by a graph is that the graph be planar. A graph is planar if it can be drawn in the plane and each edge intersects no other edges and passes through no other vertices. The relationship graph may not be planar. A planar sub graph of a relationship graph is called a maximal planar graph (MPG) if no edges can be added without making the graph no planar. The dual of a (primal) planar graph can be constructed by placing a dual node in each face of the primal planar graph and by joining vertices corresponding to two faces (in the primal graph) that share an edge in their common boundary. (Here, faces are regions defined by a planar graph.) The dual of a planar graph is planar as well. (J-Y KIM et al 1995) Russell D. Meller et al 1996 tells about developing a layout in the graph-theoretic approach requiring the following three steps: (1) Developing an adjacency graph from department relationships (which departments are adjacent), (2) Constructing the dual graph of the adjacency graph (represent departments as adjacent regions having specific boundaries), (3) Converting the dual graph into a block layout (specifying departments with regular shapes and specific areas) Graph theoretic approaches were also used to handle the unequal area block plan. In these approaches a block plan is constructed as the dual of a planar graph where nodes represent spaces and links represent required adjacencies. While it is always possible to construct a block plan from a planar graph which meets the given adjacency requirements between spaces and between spaces and the outside area, the resulting plan may not meet size and shape requirements imposed on each space. Constructing a block plan that meets size and shape requirements is a nontrivial problem. (Robin S. Liggett et al 2000). Other industrial problems like furniture production line designing were also solved using graph (Wilsten and Shayan 2007). The main problem concerned with applying graph theory to facilities layout is the conversion of the dual graph to a block layout (S. A. IRVINE et al 2010) gives a new method of producing a planar orthogonal layout or floor plan of a set of facilities subject to adjacency and area constraints. It improves upon previous approaches by accepting any maximal planar graph representing the adjacencies as input. Simple selection criteria for choosing the next facility to be inserted into the floor plan are used. Further, any sensible orthogonal shape for the facilities in the resulting floor plan can be generated. Optimal algorithm During the 1960s considerable research was done in developing optimal algorithms. Optimal algorithms find the best solution. However they are not practical due to limitations on computer time and space. Some optimal algorithms are classified as given below. Quadratic Assignment Model The quadratic assignment model (Koopmans and Beckman 1957) represents the problem of locating numerous facilities that required material flow between them. The name QAP was given because the objective function is a second degree function of the variables and the constraints are linear functions of the variables. The objective function maximizes the revenue gained by assigning the departments to a location, less the cost of the material flow between the departments. The mathematical model of the quadratic assignment problem (QAP) is: The integer variable, Xij is equal to 1 if department i is assigned to location j, otherwise the variable is equal to 0. The constant aij is the area required for department i to location j and fik is the material flow between departments i and k, and Cjl is the cost of material flow between location j and l. The first constraint ensures that each location will be assigned exactly one department and second constraint ensures that each department will be assigned to exactly one location. Layouts generated using the quadratic assignment models are often used as a tool in formulating a final layout. The QAP takes into consideration the material flow between departments, however, the model operates under the assumption that all department areas are equal which in many cases is impractical to presume. For this reason, the layout generated by the quadratic assignment problem often serves as a starting point for developing a final layout. (Ekrem Duman et al 2007) used the quadratic assignment problem in the context of the printed circuit board assembly process. (A.S. Ramkumar et al 2008) concentrates on multi-row machine layout problems that can be accurat

Comparing Equality in Henry James The Turn of the Screw and Edith Whar

The Theme of Equality in Henry James' The Turn of the Screw and Edith Wharton's The Lady's Maid's Bell Henry James' The Turn of the Screw and Edith Wharton's "The Lady's Maid's Bell" share a common theme: all people are equal. Both authors generate this theme by bridging class barriers with a generous master and mistress who have revolutionary ideas. Although circumstances differ in both stories, the common theme remains easily discernable with the words and actions of both Mrs. Brympton in "The Lady's Maid's Bell" and the young master, Miles in The Turn of the Screw. Through their friendship, trust, and eventual love for their servants, both the master and mistress prove their modern thoughts of equality between servants and higher classes. Mrs. Brympton establishes a relationship of friendship and equality with Miss Hartley from the beginning, and their friendship resembles that of Mrs. Brympton and her former maid, Emma, whom she dearly loved. Even Mrs. Railton, who mentions the job offer to Hartley, asserts that "[Mrs. Brympton] wants a maid that can be something of a companion" (Wharton 13). Upon employment, Hartley discovers for herself that "Mrs. Brympton [is] the kindest of ladies" (Wharton 15). Something about Mrs. Brympton's nature seems to insinuate an equality between her maid and herself from the beginning because the mistress shows natural compassion and humanity toward all of her servants. Mrs. Blinder, another servant, describes the loyal relationship between Mrs. Brympton and Emma, her previous handmaid: "My mistress loved her like a sister" (Wharton 17). This love between higher and lower classes remains extremely rare in the Victorian Era, and even the mistress, Mrs. Brympton, realizes this; consequent ... ...e master and the mistress stand by their convictions, and their relationships with servants reflect such an equality. Both Mrs. Brympton and young Miles even grow to love their servants and confide in them, which testifies that they are treated as more than equal peers. In Henry James' The Turn of the Screw and Edith Wharton's "The Lady's Maid's Bell" servants become equal citizens due to the nature of their master or mistress, and the theme rings clearly through both works, which becomes the concept that all classes of people are equal. Works Cited James, Henry. The Turn of the Screw. Boston: Bedford Books, 1995. Robbins, Bruce. "'They don't much count, do they?': The Unfinished History of The Turn of the Screw." The Turn of the Screw. Boston: Bedford Books, 1995. 268-96. Wharton, Edith. "The Lady's Maid's Bell." New York: Simon & Schuster, 1973. 12-35.

Analysis of Vertovs Film :: essays research papers

In the clown player’s 1991 film â€Å"The Drug Movie†, the art of cinema verite is taken to heights of realism not seen since Roberto Rosselinni’s triumphant â€Å"Rome, Open City†. By combining realistic settings, lighting, sound, etc. with keenly observant camera placement, the filmakers draw us into a world very few of us ever actually see outside the comforts of a theater. Dziga Vetov, in his essays on the nature of man as seen through the â€Å"Kino-Eye†, touched upon something that the makers of â€Å"The Drug Movie† are obviously very aware of. That is, the camera, more so than anything human, will see to the core of its target. Beyond the actors, beyond the sets and special effects, is the soul of the film. If the emotion is pure and the situations genuine, than the camera is but a window to the truth. The Clown Player’s have crafted a finely nuanced example of this cinematic honesty with â€Å"The Drug Movie†. The film’s opening is startling and immediately draws us into the unfolding drama. We are given a brief glimpse of a very annoying girl mentioning her hometown of â€Å"Coral Springs Florida!†. The scene quickly shifts to static than the glare of an incandescant ceiling lamp. Within this brief montage, the filmaker’s have raised our expectations and shifted them within a few brief moments. This masterful use of cinematic manipulation is but a foreshadowing of the upcoming events. Nothing is what it seems and nothing can be predicted. Like life, this celluloid canvas is painted with the ever-shifting brush of the unknown. From the lamp, the camera pans to our players. Three males, two white, one black sit around table. As they talk, their dialogue is somewhat muted and difficult to decifer. It soon becomes painfully obvious that we the viewer are not privy to this cabal. Again, the Clown Player’s continue to exhibit complete control over their audience. As the camera cuts in for a closer view of the group, we finally hear the topic of their intense exchange. Two of the men are working diligently on a model car. One of them, Lance ( Chriss Celentano, beautifully underplaying his rather nebbish character) is thoroughly absorbed in his work. Across from him, Dirk (Big A in another of his unfortunately underdeveloped characterizations) flips through an instruction book. The clowns have blocked their scene in order for the viewer’s attention to fall upon the young man seated at the head of the table.

Cinchona and its Product--Quinine Essay -- Botany

Cinchona and its Product--Quinine The bark of cinchona produces several alkaloids. The most important alkaloid, quinine, has certain febrifuge properties. Quinine was used in the battle against malaria since the 1630's. Of 38 species of cinchona, four species have economic value for the production of quinine: C. calisaya, C. legeriana, C. officianalis and C. succirubra. Cinchona, of the family Rubiaceae, is native to the South American Andes. It thrives best on steep mountain slopes in rich volcanic soils and an annual rainfall of 1,500 cm.(9) The cinchonas flower in 3-4 years. The flowers form small fragrant yellow, white or pink clusters at the end of branches, and are similar to lilacs. The fruits are 1-3 cm oblong capsules with numerous small, flat, winged seeds. The bark of wild species may yield a quinine content of as high as 7%, whereas cultivated crops yield contents up to 15%.(l) HISTORY Malaria has been credited to bringing down whole civilizations. Alexander the Great, in 323 B.C., was afflicted with the fevers which rendered him lifeless and crushed his dream of uniting the regions of his world. The fevers, heavy set in Rome, instilled such fear in the Catholic Church that the Vatican fled to Avignon, France for 68 years. Commoners with malaria were left too listless to work. Field hands and farmers neglected the crops. The fevers may well have been a hindrance to the progress of agriculture. Consequently the search for a cure was intense. Countless theories on causes were put forth. Cures ranged from logical to the ridiculous. Physicians mixed herbs for medicine. Some bled patients to achieve a balance of blood and bile. One physician, determining the blood was bad, tied off the arteries of the pat... ...nt Science-An Introduction to World Crops, Ad Ed. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co., pp 650-652. 5. Lambert, A.B. An Illustration of Cinchona. Louisville: Lost Cause Press, 1980. 6. Markham, C.R. 1862. Travels in Peru and India. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. 7. Missouri Botanical Garden. 1930. Proceedings of the Celebration of the Use of Cinchona. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden. 3. Nichols, H.A. Textbook of Tropical Agriculture. 1911. London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd., pp. 221-229. 9. Payne, W.J., Dr. 1980. Tree and Field Crops of the Wetter Regions of the Tropics. London: Longman, pp. 78-79. 10. VonOettingen, W.F., M.D., Ph.D. 1933. The Therapeutic Agents of the Quinoline Group. New York: The Chemical Catalogue Co., Inc. 11. World Health Organization. 1979. World Health Statistics Annual. Geneveve:

I’M Their

Essay 2. In what ways do your academic background and recent professional or managerial experience provide evidence of your potential for success in the program you selected? In your eventual career? Please provide specific examples of relevant coursework and/or experience. Majoring[Major] in International Economics and Trade, I have built a sound academic background of economics and finance during four years of undergraduate study in School of Economics, Fudan University.Through a series of curricular and research projects, I developed sound theoretical knowledge and strong analytical ability. My personality and ambition was shaped by active participation in various leadership positions and experience of professional practice. [I dont like this beginner, since it’s too plain and not impressive something no other than a narration. Ordinarily, you should figure out the very important perspective of yourself which can ensure reader of your suitability tp this program, if not ext inguishment, e. . Your career goal, some specific internship, courses or research project arouse your great interest in some parts of this program. ] During the first two years of my undergraduate study, I have taken a wide range of courses. Basic core courses such as Political Economics, Micro and Macroeconomics empowered me to construct theoretical framework of economics, while Advanced Mathematics, Linear Algebra, Statistics, Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics enabled me to apply quantitative methods to economic analysis. Referring some courses correlated to the program, for example, since it’s under the B-school, some finance, strategy, marketing and other practical courses you’ve enrolled in could be figured out. ] My talents revealed when it comes to international economics, in which not only did I achieve top grades but also proactively conducted a series of research projects. Through studying Western Economic History, Introduction to world economy, International trade, and International Economic Cooperation, I have gained deeper understanding about international economics and complex relations among the world’s major economies.My coursework covered various issues including FDI, Merger & Acquisition, the manor system of West Europe and the trading structure between China and US, and my term paper on The Origins of Three Major Crisis In The 20th Century – the Great Depression, the financial crisis in East Asia in 1997 and the Subprime Mortgage Crisis was one of the best in my class. [This paragraph is nice and useful. ]Meanwhile, I was the Vice General Secretary of the school students union and Vice President of FDU X-Games Club, both[All of the ] managerial[administrative] positions lasted for one year[You should delete it for one year is no better than not referred to] and greatly enhanced my leadership, creativity and sense of responsibility. My junior year was a very productive year, with excellent academic res ults that won me a scholarship for academic session 2011-2012, three research projects respectively concerning M&A, RMB equilibrium exchange rate and deindustrialization, and several well-constructed term papers.Equipped with knowledge and analytical skills gained from previous study, I started my trials in more complex researches. Apart from course study, I was devoted to a research project with Professor Dazhong Cheng on Chinese firms’ cross-border merger and acquisition from the perspective of heterogeneous firms internationalization theory, which is a part of his research project funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 71272069).I was responsible for collecting and selecting massive amounts of data, translating company information between English and Chinese, and processing data using such software packages as STATA and EVIEWS. This research experience has enhanced my understanding of merger and acquisition at the micro level, as well as trained my practical ability of solving problems using econometric methods. [As far as I know, the program of MAief is a very practical one which is aiming to provide its enrollers a wealthy professional trainee, so the research experience seems like redundant.Just take more efforts to your professional experience, your working endeavors your personal characteristics, and some special things to distinguish you. ] It was during the study of International Finance, Monetary Economics and Investments that I discovered pure interest and real passion in finance. These courses are highly demanding, taught with most up-to-date case analysis, group discussions and large amounts of literature reading. Being self-motivated, I found myself well adapted to this learning mode.I organized group projects on RMB equilibrium exchange rate and tools of monetary policy as group leader, presented learning outcome at class seminars. I led my team zealously participated in the class debate, and ranked 1st in perfor mance graded by committee consists of the professor and teaching assistants. [Your interests, your career goals should be put as very beginning as possible, since those things are the admission committee finding for to judge whether you are thoughtful, promising, and suitable for their program.While ] The deeper I [get]involved, the more fascinated I became. In order to gain better understanding of the financial market through practice, I became an intern at the Settlement Center of Bank of East Asia (China) Limited in the summer of 2012 after standing out from dozens of competitors. The Settlement Center is responsible for concentrated treasury management of BEA China, including the clearing and settlement of bonds, currencies, financial derivatives and the associated financial risk management.During the 4-month internship, I took prime responsibility in collecting capital adequacy ratio data and foreign exchange positions data from branches, then analyzed the data and compiled acc urate statements and reports for the team to conduct effective management. My working passion also lies in risk management of securities by revaluation and credit evaluation. I assisted mark-to-market accounting, as well as analysis of bonds’ issuers’ annual reports.My initiative and devotion has earned first-rate recommendation of the Department Head of the Settlement Center. Apart from daily work, I also voluntarily worked on the communication and cooperation between the back office and the front desk, which enhanced operation efficiency of both the Settlement Center and the Treasury Division. Impressed by my effort, the President of the Treasury Division offered me an opportunity to join the division as a trainee to work with and learn from experienced colleagues.The exposure in the front desk triggered my enthusiasm for the fast-changing financial markets, while the diligent practice at the Settlement Center reinforced my systematic comprehension of banking busines ses. [You put too much narration, what about mentioning some difficulties, challenges, harshy time or even failure you came across during these time, and how you deal with them beat them and pull yourself back. If no immediate scripts, just imagine some, that’s OK. ]This professional experience has shaped my analytical abilities and interpersonal skills, as well as my career goals. I am highly willing to work as a financial analyst in an investment bank, an asset management company or a financial consulting firm after earning a M. A. in International Economics and Finance. Eventually, with financial expertise and first-hand experience, I will realize my long-term goal of founding an investment company specialized in investment portfolios management.I am on the way towards my portrayed blueprint, and the distinguished MAief program of Brandeis IBS would be one milestone along the expedition. [To end up your personal statement, the safest way is to explain your deficits through which you could express your eagerness of being admitted by Brandeis (also you could flatter it as your dream school and ideal program), underscore your insatiability of strengthening yourself and reiterate about your career goal in details. ] If I were you, I will Ar the very beginning,g