2.Does motivation to work vary from culture to culture Discuss the Essay

2.Does inspiration to work differ from culture to culture Discuss the appropriateness of one substance hypothesis of inspiration and of one procedure hypothesis of inspiration to your national culture - Essay Example conduct, the more capable the director will be in affecting subordinates’ conduct to make it progressively reliable with the association objectives and destinations. People are driven by something, so as to accomplish something. This main impetus is the motivation behind why they would accomplish something. This main impetus is essentially what we term as ‘motivation’. Inspiration is the longing to do anything. It is one of the most significant of the variables that lead us to play out an undertaking. It is the inward express that makes an individual carry on in a manner that guarantees the achievement of some objective (Certo and Certo, 2013). Inspiration is additionally observed as a lot of procedures that invigorate, coordinate and keep up human conduct towards accomplishing a specific objective (Di Cesare and Sadri, 2003) Convinced people are the people who have chosen a cognizant decision to commit noteworthy effort to accomplishing something that they regard. What they regard will differ tremendously beginning with one solitary then onto the following. A few people may be propelled by money related elements associated with achieving an undertaking while others may be driven by non-fiscal components (Erez et al, 2012). Financial variables are those components in a vocation that bring about the individual getting remunerated in type of cash, for example, compensation, rewards, incidental advantages and so forth. Non fiscal variables are additionally called natural factors and are those that are firmly connected to a person’s fulfillment and thus these incorporate thankfulness, acknowledgment, designation and relationship with associates (Lehto and Landry, 2012). Both of these components assume a significant job in spurring an individual to play out an occupation. On the off chance that the corr ect helpers are utilized to animate people to work, there is a high likelihood that the work performed will be compelling and proficient. This is on the grounds that the individual is cheerful and needs to show a similar love and friendship towards the activity and the association. The badge of thankfulness from the individual’s side is

Environmental issues Essay

What ways has finding out about new natural issues changed the method of living economically? The information on natural issues has changed the manner in which we live. We gain so much from our past encounters. Natural issues cleared a path for logical headways. A case of this is the development of elective fuel in vehicles. Natural issues help advance informal communities among nations. Data innovation improved our correspondence with others. We find out about counter proportions of certain ecological issues from them and thusly, we share our insight to them. In our regular day to day existences, we become familiar with the significance of tidiness and control. Tossing our trash anyplace may begin a pestilence and result to death of creatures and plants just as people. What significant data has the best effect in transit you think about the earth? How might you apply this information later on? The most significant data that changed my perspective about nature is the information on Global Warming. Why? All things considered, among the greatest slip-ups people at any point made was to cause the exhaustion of the ozone layer. Its belongings are wrecking yet there isn’t a compelling method of halting it. The information on such issue will help spare humankind. I might be the one to figure out how to stop Global Warming later on. All things considered, if just all will help in taking care of this issue, we may have the option to locate the best method of sparing the earth, sparing our own lives. Reference: Global warming. (n. d. ). Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Recovered March 02, 2007, from Answers. com Web website: http://www. answers. com/subject/an unnatural weather change

Writing an Essay For Nursing School

Writing an Essay For Nursing SchoolWriting an essay for nursing school is the first of many steps to writing an amazing score in your state nursing exam. While you do not want to overdo the essay and waste time, it is equally important to not overdo the essay and lose the opportunity to write a successful essay.Nursing school essay writers, most commonly those working in a hospital or doctor's office, will look for what they believe to be the best essay writing tips that will help them compose the perfect essay. One of the first essays, a student must write is their standardized test, also called the NCLEX. In order to pass the test, your essay must be perfect.There are many different types of essays available for students who are about to take the exam. The most common form is the essay. Writing an essay for nursing school will use the same basic outline and structure as writing any other type of essay. This means it should begin with a title that provides the topic, then provide th e important details about the topic, the problem at hand, and the solution to the problem.Just as writing a standard essay is required to be factual is required to be well-researched, both the skills that are needed in writing an essay for nursing school are required in writing a formal essay. Students must be able to formulate their information, organize it, and then present it in a way that will allow it to be clearly understood by others.When writing an essay for nursing school, the first step is to be clear on the subject matter. After this is completed, students should have an introduction to provide information about themselves, their name, where they went to high school, and whether or not they are currently attending a nursing school.Students should then be ready to explain what they know about the subject matter. This may consist of background information, the major problems, solutions, or even a few words about how the student feels about the subject. Following this, stude nts should have a conclusion that lists all of the facts they provided in their introduction and a link to where the student plans to go from here.In order to write an essay for nursing school, you will want to think about the resources you have available to you. You will need to be able to compile any samples that you have. With any luck, you have a nursing education guide that contains a sample essay that you can copy for your nursing education.Finally, you will want to have a final touch to the essay. This can be a thesis statement, a short paragraph summarizing the essay, or a special paragraph for the editor. These can be used to help the student prepare for the student on the test who will be grading the essay.

Causes Of The Cold War - 1716 Words

Introduction The Cold War, a conflict between the United States and Soviet Union, the two global superpowers at the time. Given the name â€Å"Cold War† only for the fact that neither the Soviet Union nor the United States fought directly with one another, instead the war was waged through allies in the form of proxy wars and through increased use of intensive espionage, a never-ending arms race, immense technological competition and on a political forefront as both sides tried to gain the upper hand. The Cold War defined both countries policies throughout its following years, each side viewed the Cold War as a battle between civilizations; in the worldwide clash between American capitalism and Soviet Communism, ultimately leading to the†¦show more content†¦(DONE) The fog of war, the idea that war is so complex that the human mind cant even comprehends all the variables that could potentially occur. â€Å"If the cold war was a security dilemma, both sides should have been preoccupied with defending themselves instead they sought to control, more expansionistic rather than a traditional defensive state. Although real disagreements and sources of conflict might have existed, the main obstacle to potential settlements of these issues would not have been the disagreements themselves, but the fear on each side of being exploited by the other side. If each side had been able to discern the other’s motives, much of the conflict would have been avoided.† (Jervis, 2006) Joseph Stalin’s, the Soviet Union leader from 1929 till 1953 and the reason for the Soviet Union rise from a suffering society into a military superpower, style and his knowledge of Soviet weakness led him to adopt tactics that were likely to increase Western fear and hostility. He told Vyacheslav Molotov, a Soviet politician loyal to Stalin and his policies: â€Å"It is obvious that in dealing with such partners as the U.S. and Britain we cannot achieve anything serious if we begin to give in to intimidation or betray uncertainty. To get anything from this kind of partner, we must arm ourselves with the policy of tenacity and steadfastness.† (Harper, 2011. Pg 57) The Cold War was not a security dilemma, we can analyse the actions of each leader and see that they sought toShow MoreRelatedCauses Of The Cold War1396 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War was a political, ideological and sometimes indirect military confrontation that took place after the Second World War betw een the two largest powers in the world: The United States and the Soviet Union. The conflict between these two great powers intensified without a real war on the ground. It was a silent war characterized by both powers in an arms race with the most lethal weapons without actually using these weapons. That is why that war was known as the Cold War. In this paper,Read MoreCauses Of The Cold War1108 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union spanned almost half of a century. It led to worldwide fears and anxiety over the possibility of nuclear war and the desolation of mankind. It led to various proxy wars, costing the lives of millions in foreign nations and thousands of American and Soviet soldiers. With so much fear, death, money, and willpower going into the conflict, there must be an easy answer as to what force caused and drove the conflict. However, this topic is notRead MoreCauses Of The Cold War984 Words   |  4 Pages The Cold War has lived in infamy in the minds of many people today. The influence of it can be regarded as one of the most terrifying events that could have transpired, and particularly terrifying to its citizens who lived in constant fear of complete annihilation. From the first events to the fall out of a nuclear war, almost all citizens would have no shelter from the devastation of an atomic war. The roots of the Cold War can be found in several main points starting from the Second World WarRead MoreCauses Of The Cold War1388 Words   |  6 PagesLESSON 26 - The Cold War Objectives: Identify the causes for the start of the Cold War Identify key actions taken by the US and the Soviet Union to prepare for war Identify how the Cold War impacted American lifestyle Identify actions taken worldwide between the Cold War combatants The Cold War Begins The Cold War was the state of hostility, without direct military confrontation, between the United States and the Soviet Union. The formation of the United Nations (UN) in 1945Read MoreCauses And Effects Of The Cold War1370 Words   |  6 PagesAbi Amarnath Mrs. Saunders 12 November 2014 English II Causes and Effects of the Cold War Richard Nixon once said of the Cold War that â€Å"the Cold War isn t thawing; it is burning with a deadly heat. Communism isn t sleeping; it is, as always, plotting, scheming, working, fighting.†(www.brainyquote.com). An analysis of the Cold War between 1947-1991 reveals that the Cold War was caused by a difference in political ideals between the USA and the Soviet Union, the aftermath of WWII, and the â€Å"IronRead More Causes Of The Cold War Essay608 Words   |  3 Pages Causes of the Cold War nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The Cold War occurred during a time of rebuilding for Europe. It characterized international relations and dominated the foreign policies of Europe. It affected all of Europe and determined lasting alliances. The Cold War was caused by the social climate and tension in Europe at the end of World War II and by the increasing power struggles between the Soviet Union. 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The responsibility of the origins of the Cold War often triggers questions among historians yet both powers should be blamed for taking part in it. The origins of the Cold War can often be associated with fear, greed and revenge. Through most analyses, the fault was often given to Stalin’s ambitions to expandRead More Causes of the Cold War Essay741 Words   |  3 PagesCauses of the Cold War In this paper I will discuss what actions and thoughts added up to cause the cold war. The cold war lasted from September 1, 1945 to about December 25, 1991. That is about forty-five years, which is an extremely long time. The cold war was a global competition basically between two sides, the Free World, which was led by the United States of America, and the Communist World led by the Soviet Union. The struggle took place through indirect military conflict, and directRead MoreThe Causes of the Cold War Essay2058 Words   |  9 PagesIn discussions of the causes of the Cold War, one controversial issue has been the question: who caused the Cold War? On the one hand, traditional historians argue that the leaders of the Soviet Union are to blame. On the other hand, revisionists contend that the Western leaders are to blame. Others even maintain that it was both the Western and the Soviet leaders who are equally responsible for the development of the Cold War. My own view is that th e Western leaders were responsible for protecting

Constructivism And The Learning Theory - 1346 Words

Transfer of Learning: Constructivism Constructivism is the learning theory that focuses on observation by acquiring data and thereafter reexamining, altering, and updating information to be useful in the present time. Humans process experiences, knowledge, and conception of life based on their impressions of their past. As individuals experience an unfamiliar event, they will attempt to integrate it with their knowledge and past, therefore replacing old outdated or incorrect data with new more pertinent information (Kerka, 1997). This learning theory states that learning is an ongoing process and not about merely comprehending available data without questioning, processing, and updating previously learned information (Allen, 2005).†¦show more content†¦Thoroughly rooted within constructivism is situation learning. â€Å"Situated learning theory posits that learning is unintentional and satiated within authentic activity, context, and culture† (Lave, 1988, p. 157). Situated learning is the product of auth entic activities undertaken under the guidance of expert practitioners situated in a culture of practice (Shulman, 1986). Organizations can assist employees learn through constructivism, more specifically situated learning through cognitive apprenticeships. Studies show the greatest learning tool was to place employees in complicated, high-risk, and stressful situations with an experienced or seasoned employees to help guide the employee handle the situation without too much involvement. For example, new healthcare workers learn more effectively when they contemplate on the negative or positive acquired knowledge. â€Å"The philosophical position of academic education that learning to know is the most important with application coming later† (Kerka, 1997, p. 28). The constructivism learning theory benefits teachers and students alike in several ways. One benefits is that students are given the opportunity to be involved in the learning process therefore find learning enjoyable and interesting rather than sitting, listening, and perhaps avoid learning. The same concept applies to employee training. When a trainee participates in the learning process he or she not only becomes eager and interested in the

Animal Testing Should Be Banned - 847 Words

Protesting has been going around the world for many of years. Throughout many years of people boycotted agents a situation they believe, if a wrong or right. One of the biggest areas on where people gather around and protest is when they’re fighting agents animals testing. As well as the years has pasted on protesting on animals, it became more sires in increased in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Many cosmetics companies been testing on animals throughout the years there is also many that have not. The cosmetics line LUSH has been fighting over animals testing for over thirty years and will continue to fight for their right according to the company. When LUSH had first started the company had divided they didn t ever wanted to test their product on animal. Not only fighting agents animals testing LUSH is also ego friendly; everything they use its plants, oil, and recycle. Since LUSH having to be agents animal testing, policies had created to work with the companies of co smetics to end the cruelty of animals. The LUSH company say â€Å" This can be done without animal testing †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and it true. LUSH is a company that all there product dills with ones skin to make them fell and look beautiful. If LUSH can test their products other than animals and still make your still looking good then, other cosmetics companies can do the same. In May 11, 2011 PETA have came out with an article tilled â€Å"Top Five Reason to Stop Animal Testing†. What they explain in this article is the reason on why itsShow MoreRelatedShould Animal Testing Be Banned?844 Words   |  3 PagesShould animal testing be banned? Nowadays, a lot of animals has been tested on a range of experiments over the world. You could be supporting animal teasing cruelty without knowing it. Have you ever check if there’s animal testing on the cosmetics before you buy it? Today, a lot of cosmetics has been testing on helpless animals and there are about 1.4 million animals die each year from animal testing ( CatalanoJ, 1994). Most of the experiments that are completed in the laboratories are very cruelRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned880 Words   |  4 Pagesdepending on animals testing. Therefore, if people talk about laboratories, they should remember animal experiments. Those animals have the right to live, according to people who dislike the idea of doing testing on animals; the other opinion, supports the idea of animal testing as the important part of the source of what has reached medicine of the results and solutions for diseases prevalent in every time and place. Each year huge numbers of animals a re sacrificed for the science all these animals, whetherRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned776 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Testing Should be Banned  ¨Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisioned and abused in US labs every year ¨ ( ¨11 Facts About Animal Testing ¨). Imagine if that was someones animal getting tortured in labs just to test things such as beauty products and perfume. Animal testing was first suggested when,  ¨Charles Darwin evolutionary theory in the mid 1850s also served to suggest that animals could serve as effective models to facilitate biological understanding in humans ¨ (Murnaghan)Read MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned940 Words   |  4 Pages1). Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisoned, and abused in US labs every year. 2). 92% of experimental drugs that are safe and effective in animals fail in human clinical trials. (DoSomething â€Å"11 Facts About Animal Testing†). There are currently no laws combating the testing of cosmetics on animals, but the practice is harmful and must be ended. As evidenced by the statistics above, millions of animals are tortured and murdered in the United States every year for virtually no reasonRead MoreShould Animal Testing Be Banned?1665 Words   |  7 PagesTesting Cosmetics on Animals Companies around the world use animals to test cosmetics. Animals, such as rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, and mice, are used to test the effects of chemicals on the eyes and skin. While animal testing is not mandatory, many companies use it. About Cosmetics Animal Testing by the Humane Society International talks about the different options companies have that do not require the cruel use and eventual death of animals. The article also talks about the overallRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1572 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal Testing Every year, over two hundred million innocent animals are injured or killed in scientific experiments across the world. Of those animals, between seventeen and twenty million are used in the United States alone. It is said that an animal dies in a laboratory every three seconds (Animal Testing 101). Those in favor of animal experimentation say they are taking animals’ lives to save humans. It is not necessary to subject animals to torturous conditions or painful experiments in theRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1581 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing is being used by different organizations all over the world to prevent specific diseases, especially cancer. Americans see animal testing having a harmful effect but it is one of the main reasons why society has most cures for some illnesses. 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Animals are often abused, suffer, and even die during laboratory testing for the benefits of people to make sure medications, household products, newest procedures, and cosmetics are safe and effective for human use. Humans have benefited from animal testing for years while these animals suffer consequences with no positive outcomes for themselves. Even if a product or procedure is deemed successful, these animals are frequentlyRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pages Animal Testing Should Be Banned Throughout the decades, animals have been used in medical research to test the safety of cosmetics including makeup, hair products, soaps, perfume, and countless of other products. Animals have also been used to test antibiotics and other medicines to eliminate any potential risks that they could cause to humans. The number of animals worldwide that are used in laboratory experiments yearly exceeds 115 million animals. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of

Foreign Outsourcing Manufacture Activities -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Foreign Outsourcing Manufacture Activities? Answer: Introduction The new organisational chart of YOLO above shows the Australian and the overseas operations. The chart shows that the main decision making power would be reserved by the apex management of YOLO based in Brunswick. The important departments namely, the human resource department, marketing department and the finance department would be retained in Australia. The overseas division would be based on Philippines and would contain the production department outsourced to local Philippines textile firms (Deresky 2017). The outsourced manufacturing facility would again be divided into two divisions. One division would manufacture clothes for the Australian market while the other division would manufacture clothes for the international markets. Justification for operations of the above organisational structure: It can be justified that YOLO opted to outsource its manufacturing process to reduce cost of production. This reduction in cost of production would help the firm to its apparel to huge bases of customers both in Australia and abroad at lower prices, thus enhancing its revenue generation from these markets (Haas et al. 2015). The case study strongly mentions that T-shirts by YOLO are available widely in Australia and that the company is shifting towards foreign expansion. Thus, it can be assumed that YOLO has no foreign branches and its operations are restricted in Australia. It must operations be pointed out that the main raw material for manufacturing T-shirt is cotton. One can also point out that the main cotton producing countries are in Asia. This means that by outsourcing the manufacturing facilities in Philippines which is in Asia, the firm can obtain high quality Asian cotton at economic rates (Haule, Carr and Rigout 2016). The Asian countries like China and India are not only cotton producers but also have large consumer bases for cotton apparel. Thus, the firm would be able to get access to the resources and consumer bases in these markets from Philippines. Thus, the firm by outsourcing its manufacturing facilities to Philippines would be get access to the Asian cotton raw material market and co tton apparel market in Asia (Baumers et al. 2016). This would allow the firm to obtain raw materials at low cost and maintain low cost of production. This means that the company can sell T-shirts at low prices both in Asian markets and Australian market, thus generating immense revenue. The second factor fuelling YOLOs manufacturing outsourcing to Philippines is that the geographical position of the latter is closer compared to the other leading Asian markets like China. This means that firm would be able to transport finished goods from its outsourced manufacturing facilities in Philippines to its Australian markets at low logistics charges. The company as a result would be able to maintain low cost of marketing the products in the Australian market. Moreover, this would also enable closer overseeing of the manufacturing facilities in Philippines and simultaneously gain advantage from the Asian markets (Giljum, Bruckner and Martinez 2015). This analysis proves that the outsourcing of manufacturing facilities to Philippines would prove to be profitable for YOLO. Reference: Baumers, M., Dickens, P., Tuck, C. and Hague, R., 2016. The cost of additive manufacturing: machine productivity, economies of scale and technology-push.Technological forecasting and social change,102, pp.193-201. Deresky, H., 2017.International management: Managing across borders and cultures. Pearson Education India. Giljum, S., Bruckner, M. and Martinez, A., 2015. Material Footprint Assessment in a Global Input?Output Framework.Journal of Industrial Ecology,19(5), pp.792-804. Haas, W., Krausmann, F., Wiedenhofer, D. and Heinz, M., 2015. How circular is the global economy?: An assessment of material flows, waste production, and recycling in the European Union and the world in 2005.Journal of Industrial Ecology,19(5), pp.765-777. Haule, L.V., Carr, C.M. and Rigout, M., 2016. Preparation and physical properties of regenerated cellulose fibres from cotton waste garments.Journal of cleaner production,112, pp.4445-4451.

The classic religious experience Essay Example

The classic religious experience Essay The classic religious experience is a group of like-minded individuals who claim to have experienced the same thing, in the example given; the disciples claim to see Jesus after he had died on the cross. It is normally not believed by others and also some within the group. The response tends to be that others tend not to believe your perception and experience. In John20, it was St.Thomas who disagreed with the other disciplines and stated, Unless I see the scars I will not believe. This gives an example of one of one of many claims opposing religious experiences. 2) When saying that religious experiences can provide a fountain of faith means it can confirm someones faith and religion, making it more secure, or even making some believe in their own faith to a further extent. It is a subjective comment. We will write a custom essay sample on The classic religious experience specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The classic religious experience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The classic religious experience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 3) Swinburnes five types of religious experiences. Two being public and three private. Public: * Personal interpretation An individual sees God or Gods action in a public object or scene. I.e. Rainbow * Breach of natural law Examples such as people walking on water, a person appearing in a locked room, and turning water into wine. Less emphasis on personal interpretation here, although the sceptic maintains that whilst something inexplicable may have occurred, there is no need to attribute this to God. Private: * Experiences which an individual can describe using normal language. E.g. Jacobs vision of a ladder going up to heaven or the appearance of the Angel Gabriel to Mary. There could be interpreted as psychologically explained rather than a divine explanation. * Mystical experiences The mystic may be the first to admit that normal language is not adequate to express what has happened. * God is acting in his or her life. An individual may say, Gods hand guided me although if pressed he or she would admit that there is no specific evidence for this. 4) Vardy criticizes Swinburnes analysis by saying that it suffers from the defect of making religious experiences appear very similar to ordinary experiences. Vardy believes that he has little feeling for what Otto described as the numinous or an apprehension of the wholly other. 5) Numinous means something, which indicates or suggests the presence of God. 6) Swinburne says we should rely on reports on religious experience because of two principles: * The principle of credulity Cannot be sceptical need to believe in what you see. Essentially no difference between reality and non-reality. Reasonably possible or probable to existence of God. What seems to be, we should believe. How things seem to be is a good guide to how things are. * The principle of testimony Swinburnes second principle claims that it is reasonable to accept that other people normally tell the truth. The principle says that we should believe what people have said. It tends to circle round we should treat a religious experience as we would treat any other experience. In the absence of special considerations the experiences of others are (probably) as they report them 7) Vardy opposes Swinburnes two principles and draws a parallel with the sighting of UFOs. He says that it may merely be misinterpreted. He uses the example of if he saw a UFO it could simply be a meteorological balloon or a hand glider at an odd angle. Also, claims to have seen the Lock Ness monster. The probability of this seems to be low, and therefore the quality of the statement must be proportionally high. Vardy essentially claims that not all religious statements are true according to Swinburnes theory. Swinburne states that we should believe what we have been told; however if it is a misconception then surely it cannot be rendered a religious experience. 8) Caroline Davis is generally anti the reliability of religious experiences. Her decision is highlighted when Vardy says that she maintains that, while some challenges may have been force, the balance of probability rests with religious experience pointing beyond themselves to something that has actually been experienced. She believes that religious experiences are due to psychological states, or that they should be dismissed because they are relative to different cultures. 9) David Hay of the Oxford Centre for Religious Experience. His contributions to religious experiences is that he had conducted many interviews throughout the country under carefully controlled conditions and has found that a very high proportion of people claim to have had experiences of a power or presence beyond themselves. 10) Being a believer affects your position as the claims can be substantial and, if they could be justified then religious believers would indeed be able to rely on religious experience. The claims could misguide or mislead believers in advocating such extraordinary perceptions on God and how others perceive him via a religious experience. 11) Davis defends the use of religious experience, as she believes that senses of presence provide very strong evidence for broadly theists beliefs. this includes the claims that human beings have a true self beyond their everyday phenomenal ego and that this true self intimately related to the divine nature; that there is a holy power beyond the world of the sensesand that human beings can find their most profound satisfaction in a harmonious relation with this holy power She relates to religious believers as humans who truly believe in themselves and what experience they may of claimed of seeing, by doing so she defends the use of religious experience. 12) Vardy suggests that in order to distinguish between an individual who claims to have had the religious experience to the second problem, which is, the person who is informed of the experience. Firstly, the person who claims to have had a religious experience, how is it possible to separate: * God appeared at my window last night from * It seemed to me that God appeared to me last night? Secondly, in the case of the person who is told about the experience, how does one separate: * God appeared to him or her last night from * He or she thought that God appeared to him or her last night? Vardy suggests that if the individual who has the experience is satisfied about its truthfulness, should others be convinced by the same report. This is important as there can be a series of claims being told, for example if I were to say that I had seen God last night and told my friend who then told a friend and then was passed on in this manner, the claim can be seen as false and bits extended making the claim seem almost as inevitable as a game of Chinese whispers, I feel that by distinguishing the two it helps separate true and false claims. 13) The tests that Vardy proposes that we apply to check weather religious experiences transpire, are as follows: * To what extent has the person who believes to have had a religious experience, life changed and has it had a major influence on their life? * Or does it fit in with other claims that have been made within are traditional reports and other things that we claim to know? These tests will help distinguish between weather a claim is in fact true of false or weather it has made a development or transformed someones life in a major way. 14) I believe that religious experiences tend to occur within faith as it justifies it more so than it not to be. However, I do feel that in some occasions religious experiences can occur to make an impact on an individual to either become a believer in faith and religion or convert into a different religion, highlighted with the immense change in St.Paul after his intervene with God. It tends to stay within the boundaries of faith, as those who tend to respect and worship God, are rewarded with visual and sometimes physical enlightenments of religious experiences. When it comes to affecting its credibility, I feel it proves it more, as we are more likely to believe someone who has believed in religion, faith and God for numerous amounts of years, to an individual who maybe an atheist or simply does not take any interest in religion. As a whole I personally wouldnt rely on any conception of a religious experience until I have experienced it myself.

Free Essays on Frankenstein - a Comparrison

A Comparison of extracts from Mary Shelly’s ‘Frankenstein’ and Susan Hills ‘Woman in Black’ of their Effectiveness and Creation of Tension I am intending to review an extract from two pieces of pre and post 19th Century text, in the hope of pinpointing the effectiveness and ways of creating tension in a Gothic Horror story. There are ways in which to define Gothic Horror, i.e., the simple plots, rather supernatural events, the specific definition between their complex and vivid descriptions, particular focus on terror and horror and the intense descriptions of the landscape and weather. The pre century text is that of Mary Shelly’s ‘Frankenstein’, this is about a scientist called Frankenstein (last name), who was a rather prosperous man, but with various parts of dead bodies created a new, extraordinarily strong and powerful being, which does not know wrong from right, who kills many people. He blames his detestable existence on the scientist Frankenstein and goes about a way of ruining his life. Firstly by setting up Frankenstein’s girlfriend’s sister for the death of Frankenstein’s young sister, at this the sister is hanged. After the marriage of Frankenstein to his girlfriend, on their honeymoon night the monster kills his wife. When Frankenstein discovers her he goes crazy and recreates her with outer body parts. When she awakes she is hysterical and kills herself, leaving Frankenstein distraught and helpless. Later the monster returns to find Frankenstein dead and he kills himself. It is set in a couple of places, but it is a period drama, set mainly in London at the time of the Great Plague. But is also set in snow-capped mountains and the Swiss Alps. The post century text, is by Susan Hill, a story called ‘Woman in Black’. It is about a young lawyer who travels to Norfolk in hope of settling the affairs of one of his clients. While there he has what seems like a vision of a woman dressed simply i... Free Essays on Frankenstein - a Comparrison Free Essays on Frankenstein - a Comparrison A Comparison of extracts from Mary Shelly’s ‘Frankenstein’ and Susan Hills ‘Woman in Black’ of their Effectiveness and Creation of Tension I am intending to review an extract from two pieces of pre and post 19th Century text, in the hope of pinpointing the effectiveness and ways of creating tension in a Gothic Horror story. There are ways in which to define Gothic Horror, i.e., the simple plots, rather supernatural events, the specific definition between their complex and vivid descriptions, particular focus on terror and horror and the intense descriptions of the landscape and weather. The pre century text is that of Mary Shelly’s ‘Frankenstein’, this is about a scientist called Frankenstein (last name), who was a rather prosperous man, but with various parts of dead bodies created a new, extraordinarily strong and powerful being, which does not know wrong from right, who kills many people. He blames his detestable existence on the scientist Frankenstein and goes about a way of ruining his life. Firstly by setting up Frankenstein’s girlfriend’s sister for the death of Frankenstein’s young sister, at this the sister is hanged. After the marriage of Frankenstein to his girlfriend, on their honeymoon night the monster kills his wife. When Frankenstein discovers her he goes crazy and recreates her with outer body parts. When she awakes she is hysterical and kills herself, leaving Frankenstein distraught and helpless. Later the monster returns to find Frankenstein dead and he kills himself. It is set in a couple of places, but it is a period drama, set mainly in London at the time of the Great Plague. But is also set in snow-capped mountains and the Swiss Alps. The post century text, is by Susan Hill, a story called ‘Woman in Black’. It is about a young lawyer who travels to Norfolk in hope of settling the affairs of one of his clients. While there he has what seems like a vision of a woman dressed simply i...

Opinion about any FORTUNE 500 company and examine its CSR strategy Essay

Opinion about any FORTUNE 500 company and examine its CSR strategy - Essay Example Based on the contribution of all the stakeholders towards the success of their organization, managers should ensure that they adopt CSR that are beneficial to all parties (Bhattacharya et al, 2008). This paper seeks to examine CSR strategies adopted by Walmart, the US largest supermarket. Walmart is a multinational firm operating more than 10,750 stores. With annual revenue of approximately $469 billion, the company has been recognized as a fortune 500 firm. Due to the large number of branches that the company has established in the international market, it is clear that it has a significant impact on the world natural resources as well as global environment. To address major issues as far as corporate social responsibilities for the company is concerned; Walmart has divided its activities into four key areas. These include environmental responsibilities, social responsibilities, local responsibilities and company responsibilities. Environmental responsibilities Being headquartered i n Bentonville US, Walmart competitive position has not been attained just based on its wide product portfolio and quality brands but also its objective of promoting energy conservation. One of the notable CSR programs that the company adopted in 2005 in its effort to reduce its impact on the global climate was the sustainability program. This entailed making all its stores eco-friendly by ensuring that it reduced the greenhouse gasses emitted by the stores (Charles, 2006). Other strategies that the company initiated within its stores included installation of solar panels, purchasing of wind energy and adoption of fuel saving technologies in its transport system. As a result of these strategies, the company has significantly reduced the cases of illnesses due to pollution especially in its neighborhoods. Thus sustainability program is an effective initiative that the Walmart Company should continue to uphold. Another aspect that has been initiated by the company is the use of recycla ble bags that its consumers can use regularly. In this way, land fill wastes have been effectively reduced. Social responsibilities Based on the need to improve the financial position of its customers, Walmart is focused at empowering women by providing them with investment skills. For example, the company has established Walmart foundation, an initiative that trains more than 1 million women on career opportunities and how to create self employment (Nelson, 2009). In my opinion, this is an effective CSR strategy. This is based on the fact that women are major consumers of Walmart products. Thus by making them earn higher income, they will have significant purchasing power thus making them purchase more from the store. Local responsibility Walmart Company has adopted various programs that include school nutrition as well as offering disaster relief. With the current changes in the style of consumption globally, consumers have been affected by various illnesses that have attracted th e attention of health care providers. As a major initiative, Walmart has recently established a five year plan that is focused at reducing unhealthy levels of sugars and fats in its brands by 25% while salts will reduce by 10%. Additionally, the plan is focused at reducing the prices of vegetables and fruits in order to make them affordable. Being a major customer of local and global food suppliers including Kraft

TABLE 1 References to Time Management Concept in EBSCO database by Essay

TABLE 1 References to Time Management Concept in EBSCO database by Decade - Essay Example As per the given tabulations, the factored systemic variance within the cycles of the outputs and alternatively, these classifications are deeply organized into behavioral models which work collectively with the predictable market and search models. In his analysis, Neville et al, (2005) illustrated that IT concepts were technically built from information obtained from business models. The valuable strength management of a system is proportionally matched with the most ideal technological interpretations of the data warehouses and the information portal (Rainer and Thomas, 2004). An increasingly secure data is protectively commissioned through the required security features but the evaluation of a search provides an important platform. Ideally, the databases which contain these items are repeatedly factored and allocated specially designed keywords called Keys. The technology itself works by classifying inputs, such as cost of the products, cumulative costs for different products, credit worth and the latest changes in prices. According to Neville et al, (2005) the database search aspect also provide the clients with adequate information regarding customer behaviors, responses and the basic build up models of future customer trends (Neville, 20052000). The data mining systems are effective communication strategies which build a bulk emailing component in the system. The inclusion of discounts and general reduction of prices, these updates are automatically relayed to clients’ inboxes (Carson, 1990) The key beneficial trends of time management are determined by the customer participations. These basically involve the relational implementation of the strategic time management phases. The specification of customer based information satisfaction is gained periodically by engaging the business trends with the people (Boulding et al., 2005). The core objective as per Carson, (1990) is to enhance the views of customers in

Jean Piaget Essay Example for Free

Jean Piaget Essay Jean Piaget is often quoted to have pioneered research in cognitive development (Hayes, 1998). The constructivist theory is a subset of the cognitivist theories. It is based on the learner –centred theories that emphases on the need to provide learners with responsibility for directing their own learning experiences. Schemata, assimilation and accommodation are some of the primary concepts in understanding the Constructivist theory of cognitive development. The other central features apart from three principles are the notions of equilibration and disequilibrium. This essay will briefly define the principles of schemata, assimilation and accommodation. It will also explain the importance of equilibration and disequilibrium in cognitive development. Schemata according to Dembo (1991) are cognitive structures that are formed through the obstruction of one’s earlier experience. It is stated that children are born with very f few innate schemata and that they keep on creating new ones as they interact with the environment. Hayes (1998) adds that schemata should be understood as â€Å"a theoretical construct which is generally understood as the being an internalized representation of the world, or at least some part of the world. † p. 473. Schemata therefore relate to specific bit of activity, and summarises the stored knowledge and experiences related to such an activity. All human thinking is centred on schemata that develop throughout an individual’s life through the process of adaptation. Adaptation involves organisms responding to the changes in their respective surroundings and situations. In essence, adaptation is achieved through assimilation and accommodation. The principle of assimilation refers to a process of making sense of the experiences and perceptions by fitting them into previously established cognitive structures. In other words, what is perceived by a person is altered so that it fits present cognitive schemata (Gage, 1998). Assimilation is said to have occurred when a person perceives a new event or object in terms of an n existing schemas. That is to say, person applies any mental structure that is available to assimilate a new object or event and actively seek to utilize this newly acquired mental structure. On the other hand, the theory of accommodation simply refers to the process of changing internal schemata to provide consistency with external reality. It happens when existing schemas are modified or new ones are created to account for a new experience. According to Borick and Tombari (1995) if a person succeeds in changing the existing schemata in order to understand a new event, object, information or experience is said to have undergone the process of accommodation. From it can therefore be inferred that accommodation influences assimilation in a certain way and vice versa. As a reality is assimilated, structures are accommodated. Cognitive development is a lifelong process that involves the creation and/or the development of schemata through the operation of principles explained above. The term that explains the operation of assimilation and accommodation, which can occur concurrently is called the process of Equilibration. Equilibration is defined as â€Å"the biological drive to produce an optimal state of equilibrium between people’s cognitive structures and their environment† (Duncan, 1995 as cited on http://www. coe. uga. edu/epiltt/pigeat. htm ) . It is an attempt to bring about a state of equilibrium between the other three factors and is very vital for cognitive development. It involves assimilation and accommodation (Russell, Jarvis Gorman, 2004). This process is very significant because it is through equilibration that people develop their cognitive structures. This occurs as people conduct themselves in logical internal mental structures that allow them to make sense of the various phenomena in their surrounding environment. When the external reality does not match with the logical internal schemas or say when disequilibrium occurs, equilibration is there to come forth so as an effort to bring balance between assimilation and accommodation. In this way, organisms develop sophisticated schemas. McLeod (2009) as cited on http://www. simplypsychology. org/piaget. html points out disequilibrium connotes an unpleasant state when new information cannot be fitted in the existing schemata. O’Donnel (2006) states that the theory of equilibration is important to the learning process. It suggests the need to stimulate conceptual change in someone by challenging students existing concepts in an effort to create cognitive disequilibrium. Students in turn strive to restore equilibrium there by acquiring new knowledge and skills for understanding the world or subject matter in a lesson. Teachers should be able to engage students into unfamiliar areas in order to for them to learn. It suggests that students do not require studying things that they already know but that they can also accommodate new information (Dembo, 1991). However teacher need not to let learners over assimilate because it turns out boring. They should also not over accommodate students beyond their cognitive growth. In this ca se, it can be understood that equilibration is vital to the development of a child’s cognition as well as to the teaching and learning process. Furthermore, the notion of equilibration is important because it indicates that learners are active thinkers who can understand the world on their own. Therefore teacher need to involve students in the learning processes and only act as facilitators in constructing knowledge. The understanding of the constructivist theory with the understanding of how equilibration works has led to emergence of teaching methods such as discovery methods. Teachers can create deliberate disequilibrium in students by asking questions about some illogical statements made by the Lerner. As the learner reconciles his or her disequilibrium, their cognitive capacity develops. In conclusion, this paper has defined schemata as cognitive or mental structures that relate s to specific bit of an activity such as schemata for an object like a tree or more abstract notion like democracy. Jean Piaget contended that all thinking is centred on schemata (Hayes, 1998) and the number of a person schema continues to be constructed throughout a person’s life through the principles of assimilation and accommodation. It has also been noted that the operation 0f these two principles constitutes the notion of equilibration. Equilibration is very important because it is the impetus for cognitive development that makes individuals acquires higher order thinking skills to adapt to the ever changing surrounding. It is through equilibration that people explore the environment and make mental representation of reality. This is so because equilibration improves the sophistication of schemas to create a mental representation of reality.

A Society Without Morals - The Great Gatsby Essay examples -- F. Scott

The streets are paved with gold has long been the allusion of the United States of America meaning that America is the land of opportunity and wealth for anyone. However what people fail to understand when they manage to get to America is that, although it is the land of opportunity, an individual is not able to magically go from dirt poor to filthy rich, they have to work for it. Even after working for it many people are disappointed not because they did not get more money, they just did not as much as the expected. In the 1920s this was because of all the illegal activity that was happening through out the country, mainly bootleggers such as Jay Gatsby. With illegal activity comes lack of moral conscience such as marrying for money or not staying faithful in a marriage like Daisy Buchanan, Tom Buchanan and Myrtle Wilson. F. Scott Fitzgerald clearly expresses the failures of American society during the 1920s in his novel The Great Gatsby through the characters of Gatsby, Myrtle, Tom, and Daisy. The fact that Gatsby was so desperate money in order for him to be able marry Daisy that he broke the law to get it and was able to avoid punishment is an obvious example of the failures of society. Gatsby has been in love with Daisy for five years and she has loved him, but because of his lack of money and him going off to war, Daisy picked Tom Buchanan, a wealthy man, instead. Once he returned to war, he realized he would have to make a great deal of money to win Daisy back. To do this, he decided to start up ?drug-stores? where he became a bootlegger. The reader knows that Gatsby is a bootlegger because of Tom Buchanan, who finds out excatly what Gatsby?s ?drug stores? really were. This is evident when Tom says, He...bought u... ...n world at the same time. The Great Gatsby conveys the message to the reader the many faults in American society during the Roaring Twenties. These flaws are quite evident throughout the novel but most strong through the character of Gatsby, Myrtle, Tom, and Daisy. Those four characters easily display to the reader just how much lack of care there was in during the 1920s. Failure in marriage and bootlegging, although just isolated examples, are very prevalent in The Great Gatsby . Of course, money is the center of every flaw, money causes Gatsby to break the law it causes Daisy to marry into unhappiness, and causes Tom to have a wife that has never love him. Just because The Great Gatsby is centered in a 1920s society, no one can overlook its importance on today?s society. Works Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Macmillan, 2008.

John Deere and Company Essay

Complex Parts, Inc. has been a supplier of specialized parts to Deere & Company for the past 10 years, with annual sales of $3. 5 million. Over the past year the supplier has fallen behind in its ability to satisfy the guidelines outlined in Deere’s Achieving Excellence Program (AEP), a supplier evaluation process that promotes communication, trust, cooperation, and continuous improvement. Due to this decline, one of Deere’s supplier evaluation teams, consisting of four employees, has to make a quick recommendation about the future relationship between Deere & Complex Parts. The Achieving Excellence Program (AEP) evaluates, on a yearly basis, key parts of how a supplier is performing. It focuses on five key areas: quality, delivery, cost management, wavelength and technical support. The program classifies each supplier, from best to worst, as either Partner, Key, Approved or Conditional. AEP effectively assesses the supplier’s commitment to its relationship with Deere in such areas as enhancing communication, lowering costs, and improving design. The biggest drawback to the AEP is that it does not consider the full history of the supplier’s relationship to the company. The evaluation only focuses on the past year and not the historical highs and lows of productivity. The program also does not take into account the current economic conditions and how the market is performing. It examines what the supplier is doing to increase profits for Deere, but does not explore what Deere could be doing to help the supplier, beyond training, plaques and honors. The Achieving Excellence Program is an ideal way to analyze how a supplier is functioning, but it would be beneficial to include an assessment of how or what Deere & Company could do to aid the supplier. Historical information of how the supplier has performed, its current financial situation and the current market state or trends should all be considered as part of the appraisal of a supplier. Using the AEP evaluation, it is difficult to determine how Complex Parts has performed over the past year. While the supplier has done extremely well, it has also done very poorly, resulting in an adequate performance. Overall, the supplier has performed well, achieving a quality rating of 666 and a delivery rating of 8650, both well below the ideal for a Partner classification. Unfortunately, the past quarter showed a sharp drop in Complex Parts’ performance, achieving a delivery rating of 155,000, higher than the ideal rating for a Conditional supplier. Looking closer at other areas of the AEP, Complex Parts received a tepid score with both positive and negative aspects in all categories. The supplier was great at following through on suggestions for quality improvement and was very proactive, but had little plans for cost reductions or how to eliminate problems resulting in late deliveries. The company took an active role in keeping up with required specification changes, but did not return phone calls to the customer service group and cost Deere tremendously with weekly expedited deliveries. Complex Parts excellently internalized the Deere Quality Plan elements, took a lead role in getting the elements implemented, and improved quality performance over the past year, but did fall behind in employing the plan in its new facility, now 5 months into operation. Finally, Complex Parts’ R&D department was very impressive with several suggestions resulting in new product programs, but the supplied parts did not meet cost targets which reduced Deere’s projected profits, and new parts quotes were not being received in a timely fashion. Using the information received from the AEP evaluation, Complex Parts should be classified as a Key supplier. While there are many troubling areas, the exceptional performance in most areas of the AEP cannot be ignored. The supplier should not retain its Partner status, but it should be recognized as an important supply chain member. There are two main courses of action that the evaluation team can consider in regards to Complex Parts. The supplier can be downgraded to a Key or an Approved supplier or it can retain its current classification as Partner with a re-evaluation in six-months. Due to the low aspects in every category within the AEP assessment, Complex Parts should be downgraded to a Key or an Approved supplier. The company was given a performance summary every quarter and should not be surprised that its classification has dropped. The best alternative course of action would be to allow the company to keep its Partner rank with the provision that it will be re-evaluated in six months to determine the future of the relationship. Included in each alternative should also be the appraisal of the other two possible suppliers. Each company should receive an in-depth evaluation and classification for comparison with Complex Parts. There are both short-term and long-term implications to these recommendations that should also be considered before making a decision. In the short-term, Complex Parts would be rewarded for its high performance, but would recognize the need for improvement. The supplier would either enhance its troubled areas or it would risk being downgraded or replaced. Deere & Company stands to lose revenues due to increased costs in the short-term if the supplier does not quickly improve its performance. In the long-term, Deere & Company would show that the AEP is taken seriously and that long-term supplier relationships are a true goal of the company. It would also prove how dedicated the company is to achieving excellence and how continued improvement is a vital part of the company’s goals. While Complex Parts is currently a Partner supplier to Deere & Company, its future rests in the hands of the supplier evaluation team. Complex Parts has performed adequately over the past year, but falling aspects indicate that the company may not be able to live up to expectations in the coming year. With an assessment of other possible suppliers and by allowing Complex Parts to retain their supplier classification with an interim evaluation in six months to determine their fate, they will either increase performance or risk demotion. Deere & Company strives to develop long-term relationships with its suppliers and a quick decision based on only a year’s worth of data, and more specifically a low-performing quarter, would be detrimental to the company’s goals. More information needs to be included in the evaluation in order to gain the full picture of how the supplier is operating. With this additional information, Deere & Company will be able to fulfill its goal of a better supplier relationship.

The Publication of the Pentagon Papers

The publication by the New York Times of a secret government history of the Vietnam War in 1971 was a significant milestone in the history of American journalism. The Pentagon Papers, as they became known, also set into motion of chain of events that would lead to the Watergate scandals which began the following year. The appearance of the Pentagon Papers on the front page of the newspaper on Sunday, June 13, 1971, infuriated President Richard Nixon. The newspaper possessed so much material leaked to it by a former government official, Daniel Ellsberg, that it intended to publish  a continuing series drawing upon the classified documents. Key Takeaways: The Pentagon Papers These leaked documents detailed many years of American involvement in Vietnam.Publication by the New York Times brought sharp reaction from the Nixon administration, which ultimately led to unlawful actions of the Watergate scandal.The New York Times won a landmark Supreme Court decision hailed as a victory for the First Amendment.Daniel Ellsberg, who provided the secret documents to the press, was targeted by the government but the prosecution fell apart due to government misconduct. At Nixons direction, the federal government, for the first time in history, went to court to prevent a newspaper from publishing material.   The court battle between one of the countrys great newspapers and the Nixon administration gripped the nation. And when the New York Times obeyed a temporary court order to cease publication of the Pentagon Papers, other newspapers, including the Washington Post, began publishing their own installments of the once-secret documents. Within weeks, the New York Times prevailed in a Supreme Court decision. The press victory was deeply resented by Nixon and his top staff, and they responded by beginning their own secret war against leakers in the government. Actions by a group of White House staffers calling themselves â€Å"The Plumbers† would lead to a series of covert actions that escalated into the Watergate scandals. What Was Leaked The Pentagon Papers represented an official and classified history of United States involvement in Southeast Asia. The project was initiated by Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara, in 1968. McNamara, who had masterminded Americas escalation  of the Vietnam War, had become deeply disillusioned. Out of an apparent sense of remorse, he commissioned a team of military officials and scholars to compile documents and analytical papers which would comprise the Pentagon Papers. And while the leaking and publication of the Pentagon Papers was viewed as a sensational event, the material itself was generally quite dry. Much of the material consisted of strategy memos circulated among government officials in the early years of American involvement in Southeast Asia. The publisher of the New York Times, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, later quipped, Until I read the Pentagon Papers I did not know that it was possible to read and sleep at the same time. Daniel Ellsberg   The man who leaked the Pentagon Papers, Daniel Ellsberg, had gone through his own lengthy transformation over the Vietnam War. Born on April 7, 1931, he had been a brilliant student who attended Harvard on a scholarship. He later studied at Oxford, and interrupted his graduate studies to enlist in the U.S. Marine Corps in 1954. After serving three years as a Marine officer, Ellsberg returned to Harvard, where he received a doctorate in economics. In 1959 Ellsberg accepted a position at the Rand Corporation, a prestigious think tank which studied defense and national security issues.   For several years Ellsberg studied the Cold War, and in the early 1960s he began to focus on the emerging conflict in Vietnam. He visited Vietnam to help assess potential American military involvement, and in 1964 he accepted a post in the Johnson administration State Department. Ellsberg’s career became deeply intertwined with the American escalation in Vietnam. In the mid-1960s he visited the country frequently and even considered enlisting in the Marine Corps again so he could participate in combat operations. (By some accounts, he was dissuaded from seeking a combat role as his knowledge of classified material and high-level military strategy would have made him a security risk should he be captured by the enemy.) In 1966 Ellsberg returned to the Rand Corporation. While in that position, he was contacted by Pentagon officials to participate in the writing of the Vietnam War’s secret history. Ellsberg’s Decision to Leak Daniel Ellsberg was one of about three-dozen scholars and military officers who participated in creating the massive study of U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia from 1945 to the mid-1960s. The entire project stretched into 43 volumes, containing 7,000 pages. And it was all considered highly classified. As Ellsberg held a high security clearance, he was able to read vast amounts of the study. He came to the conclusion that the American public had been seriously misled by the presidential administrations of Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson.   Ellsberg also came to believe that President Nixon, who had entered the White House in January 1969, was needlessly prolonging a pointless war. As Ellsberg became increasingly unsettled by the idea that many American lives were being lost because of what he considered deception, he became determined to leak parts of the secret Pentagon study. He began by taking pages out of his office at the Rand Corporation and copying them, using a Xerox machine at a friends business. Seeking a way to publicize what he had discovered, Ellsberg first began to approach staff members on Capitol Hill, hoping to interest members working for members of Congress in copies of the classified documents.   The efforts to leak to Congress led nowhere. Congressional staffers were either skeptical of what Ellsberg claimed to have, or were afraid of receiving classified material without authorization. Ellsberg, in February 1971, decided to go outside the government. He gave portions of the study to Neil Sheehan, a New York Times reporter who had been a war correspondent in Vietnam. Sheehan recognized the importance of the documents, and approached his editors at the newspaper. Publishing the Pentagon Papers The New York Times, sensing the significance  of the material Ellsberg had passed to Sheehan, took extraordinary action. The material would need  to be read and assessed for news value, so the newspaper assigned a team of editors to review the documents.   To prevent word of the project from getting out, the newspaper created what was essentially a secret newsroom in a Manhattan hotel suite several blocks from the newspaper’s headquarters building. Every day for ten weeks a team of editors hid away in the New York Hilton, reading the Pentagon’s secret history of the Vietnam War. The editors at the New York Times decided a substantial amount of  material should be published, and they planned to run the material as a continuing series. The first installment appeared on the top center of the front page of the large Sunday paper on June 13, 1971. The headline was understated: Vietnam Archive: Pentagon Study Traces 3 Decades of Growing U.S. Involvement. Six pages of documents appeared inside the Sunday paper, headlined, â€Å"Key Texts From Pentagon’s Vietnam Study.† Among the documents reprinted in the newspaper were diplomatic cables, memos sent to Washington by American generals in Vietnam, and a report detailing covert actions which had preceded open U.S. military involvement in Vietnam. Before publication, some editors at the newspaper advised caution. The most recent documents being published would be several years old and posed no threat to American troops in Vietnam. Yet the material was classified and it was likely the government would take legal action.   Nixon’s Reaction On the day the first installment appeared, President Nixon was told about it by a national security aide, General Alexander Haig (who would later become Ronald Reagan’s first secretary of state). Nixon, with Haig’s encouragement, became increasingly agitated.   The revelations appearing in the pages of the New York Times did not directly implicate Nixon or his administration. In fact, the documents tended to portray politicians Nixon detested, specifically his predecessors, John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, in a bad light.   Yet Nixon had reason to be very concerned. The publication of so much secret government material offended many in the government, especially those working in national security or serving in the highest ranks of the military.   And the audacity of the leaking was very disturbing to Nixon and his closest staff members, as they were worried that some of their own secret activities might someday come to light. If the country’s most prominent newspaper could print page after page of classified government documents, where might that lead?   Nixon advised his attorney general, John Mitchell, to take action to stop the New York Times from publishing more material. On Monday morning, June 14, 1971, the second installment of the series appeared on the front page of the New York Times. That night, as the newspaper was preparing to publish the third installment for the Tuesday paper, a telegram from the U.S. Department of Justice arrived at the New York Times headquarters. It demanded that the newspaper stop publishing the material it had obtained.   The publisher of the newspaper responded by saying the  newspaper would obey a court order if one was issued. But short of that, it would continue publishing. The front page of Tuesdays newspaper carried a prominent headline, â€Å"Mitchell Seeks to Halt Series on Vietnam But Times Refuses.†Ã‚   The next day, Tuesday, June 15, 1971, the federal government went to court and secured an injunction which stopped the New York Times from proceeding with the publication of any more of the documents Ellsberg had leaked. With the series of articles in the Times halted, another major newspaper, the Washington Post, began publishing material from the secret study which had been leaked to it. And by the middle of the first week of the drama, Daniel Ellsberg was identified as the leaker. He found himself the subject of an F.B.I. manhunt. The Court Battle The New York Times went to federal court to fight against the injunction. The governments case contended that material in the Pentagon Papers endangered national security and the federal government had a right to prevent its publication. The team of lawyers representing the New York Times argued that the publics right to know was paramount, and that the material was of great historic value and did not pose any current threat to national security. The court case moved though the federal courts at surprising speed, and arguments were held at the Supreme Court on Saturday, June 26, 1971, only 13 days after the first installment of the Pentagon Papers appeared. The arguments at the Supreme Court lasted for two hours. A newspaper account published the following day on the front page of the New York Times noted a fascinating detail: Visible in public — at least in cardboard-clad bulk — for the first time were the 47 volumes of 7,000 pages of 2.5-million words of the Pentagons private history of the Vietnam War. It was a government set. The Supreme Court issued a decision affirming the right of newspapers to publish the Pentagon Papers on June 30, 1971. The following day, the New York Times featured a headline across the entire top of the front page: Supreme Court, 6-3, Upholds Newspapers On Publication of the Pentagon Report; Times Resumes Its Series, Halted 15 Days. The New York Times continued publishing excerpts of the Pentagon Papers. The newspaper featured front-age articles based on the secret documents through July 5, 1971, when it published its ninth and final installment. Documents  from the Pentagon Papers were also quickly published in a paperback book, and its publisher, Bantam, claimed to have one  million copies in print by mid-July 1971. Impact of the Pentagon Papers For newspapers, the Supreme Court decision was inspiring and emboldening. It affirmed that the government could not enforce  prior restraint to block publication of material it wanted kept from public view. However, inside the Nixon administration the resentment felt toward the press only deepened. Nixon and his top aides became fixated on Daniel Ellsberg. After he was identified as the leaker, he was charged with a number of crimes ranging from illegal possession of government documents to violating the Espionage Act. If convicted, Ellsberg could have faced more than 100 years in prison. In an effort to discredit Ellsberg (and other leakers) in the eyes of the public, White House aides formed a group they called The Plumbers. On September 3, 1971, less than three months after the Pentagon Papers began appearing in the press, burglars directed by White House aide E. Howard Hunt  broke into the office of Dr. Lewis Fielding, a California psychiatrist. Daniel Ellsberg had been a patient of Dr. Fielding, and the Plumbers were hoping to find damaging material about Ellsberg in the doctors files. The break-in, which was disguised to look like a random burglary, produced no useful material for the Nixon administration to use against Ellsberg. But it indicated the lengths to which government officials would go to attack perceived enemies. And the White House Plumbers would later play major roles the following year in what became the Watergate scandals. Burglars connected to the White House Plumbers were arrested at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate office complex in June 1972. Daniel Ellsberg, incidentally, faced a federal trial. But when details of the illegal campaign against him, including the burglary at Dr. Fieldings office,  became known, a federal judge dismissed all charges against him.